scholarly journals “One Belt One Union” : Cooperation of Russia and China, and Mongolia’s Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Munkhjargal Dorjsuren
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The One ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
The Silk Road

The “2015 Joint Statement on Cooperation between Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Silk Road Projects” signed by Russia and China opened the bilateral cooperation among “Eurasian Economic Union” which consists of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan, and “One Belt One Union” of China (5+1). “One belt One Union” and “Eurasian Economic Union” separately, are the Political projects of Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping, acting as a new form of cooperative mechanism, and considered to have great impact on regional economic integration. The world is now watching whether these two nations are partners or rivals. For Mongolia, every action and decision made by the “One Belt One Union” is important as it influences our future development. This article intends to identify the cooperation of the two great nations which has major influence on Mongolia, and Mongolia’s foreign policy towards the cooperation.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY AREAS OF FOREIGN POLICIES OF THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF BILATERAL COOPERATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
N. A. Efimova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
National Economies

The article is devoted to identifying priority areas of foreign policy of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter – EAEU) member states in the framework of bilateral cooperation, reflected in national legal and other acts and documents, determining the main vector of the implemented foreign policy of each of the EAEU member states. As a result of the study, it has been concluded, that foreign policy issues are solved by each member of the EAEU independently. The lack of coordinated approaches to the implementation of the foreign policy activities of the EAEU member states, including in the framework of bilateral cooperation, cannot but affect the development of all economic integration. This mediates the need to model a coordinated approach to the implementation of the foreign policy of the EAEU member states as an integration unity, within the framework of which the interests of each EAEU member will be taken into account, together with the interests of the organization. This will contribute to enhancing the economic interaction of the national economies of the EAEU members and to strengthening the integration potential of the EAEU, which in the context of increasing geopolitical tension is especially relevant.

Avrasya ekonomi birliği (AEB) Ve Tek Kuşak Tek Yol (TKTY) projelerinin karşilaştirmali analizi

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-82
Author(s):  
Moldir ISAHANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The One

Özet: Rusya Federasyonu Avrasya alanında büyük bir devlettir. Çin ise dünyada en güçlü ekonomi göstergelere sahiptir. "Avrasya Ekonomik Birlik" ve "Tek Kuşak Tek Yol" (bundan sonra AEB, TKTY) projelerinin ilan edildiği günden beri uzmanlar arasında yoğun bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Bu iki proje iki büyük devlet tarafından sunulan gün- cel projelerindendir. Dahası bu iki projenin birleştirilmesi yüzerinde çalışmalar da hız kazanmaktadır. Bu makalede iki projenin güçlü ve zayıf yönleri değerlendirilerek ikisinin birleşip birleşemeyeceğini incelenecektir. Ayrıca bu konu ile ilgili çalışmaları incelenip, belli bir sonuç çıkarılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrasya Ekonomik Birlik, Tek Kuşak Tek Yol, Çin, Rusya, Enteg- rasyon, Kırgızstan, Kazakistan, Orta Asya, Nurly Jol Projesi, Avrasya. Abstract: The Russian Federation is a large state in the Eurasian area. China has the strongest economic indicators in the world. Since, proclamation of the "Eurasian Economic Union" and the "One Belt One Road" projects have been intensively studied among experts. These two projects are current projects presented by two major states. Moreover, the number of works about combining these two projects is also increasing. In this article, the strengths and weaknesses of the two projects will be evaluated and whether the two will merge together will be examined. In addition, studies on this subject are examined and a certain conclusion will be drawn. Keywords: EEU, OBOR, SREB, Russia, China, Central Asia, Integration, Eurasian, Nurly Zhol, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan.

scholarly journals The Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union: Exploring the “Greater Eurasian Partnership”

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-57
Author(s):  
Gaziza Shakhanova ◽  
Jeremy Garlick
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Silk Road

The Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is a key partner in China’s Belt, and Road Initiative (BRI), since it comprises the majority of territories which the BRI’s overland route, the Silk Road Economic Belt, needs to traverse as it crosses Central Asia on the way to Europe. The goal of this article is to explore the BRI in the context of BRI–EAEU coordination. The first part of the analysis focusses on the ways the Eurasian Economic Commission delineates the “Greater Eurasian Partnership” and counterposes it against China and the BRI. Then, the article compares two sets of interpretations of the BRI and “Greater Eurasian Partnership” obtained from interviews with elites in Kazakhstan and Russia. The interviews indicate that the BRI has had a much more forceful impact on local elites than Russia’s idea of “Greater Eurasian Partnership.”

scholarly journals Philosophical-political comprehension of Eurasia in the context of the Russian project of civilizational development

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Bogdan Grachev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Nationalist Sentiment ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Silk Road

This article attempts to “objectify” and conceptualize the concept of “Eurasia”, determine its ontological characteristics as the sociopolitical space of development of the Russian civilizational project, as well as delineates the contours of this space within the framework of a project-constructive methodological orientation. The author refers to the history of formation of holistic representations on Eurasia within the scientific thought, giving special attention to the contribution of geopoliticians, and emphasizing the implementation of theoretical provisions in real politics. The empirical basis relies on the two megaprojects that are implemented in practice: the Silk Road Economic Belt initiated by China and the Eurasian Economic Union (which includes Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia), as well as the “Greater Eurasia” as a potential way of their interlink and development of the space for cross-civilizational dialogue on the continent. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Eurasia is determined both as the goal of the Russian project of civilizational development and as the space it can be realized within. At the same time, the space for the development of Russia-Eurasia is described as the natural environment of the Russian civilizational project, the space of the “primary circle”. Special role is played by the creation and development of the Eurasian Economic Union, which unites the countries that have faced the escalation of nationalist sentiment after the dissolution of the Soviet Union; 2) The “Greater Eurasia” is designated as the “secondary circle” of the Russian civilizational project, a space for continental cooperation, determines by new political reality.  3) Certain zones of civilizational confrontation and contradictions on the continent have been identified. The author believes that the need for conceptualization of the concept at hand lies in the significant sociopolitical formative potential.

Belarus leader espouses patriotism to ensure survival

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
Constitutional Changes

Subject Soft versus hard versions of nationalism in Belarus. Significance Under pressure from Moscow to make concessions on energy and political relations, President Alexander Lukashenka is trying to turn this to his advantage by presenting himself as the sole effective defender of Belarusian independence. The opposition is warning Lukashenka not to submit to Russian expansionism, making this a central issue for a presidential election due by August 30. Moscow may consider backing an alternative to Lukashenka, but pressing too hard might be counterproductive. Impacts A sudden economic downturn caused by oil supply problems could provoke apolitical and less controllable protests. Constitutional changes in Russia reduce the likelihood that Vladimir Putin wants to head a unified Russian-Belarusian state. Lukashenka will try to rally support from other Eurasian Economic Union leaders in his campaign for better trade terms with Russia. The president will use US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo's visit and EU engagement as a partial balance against Russia.

scholarly journals Russia in the Context of the Chinese “Belt and Road Initiative” Project

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Mikhail Nosov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Integration ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Economic Union

At present time, there are three main international integration projects actually operating in the Eurasian space ‒ the European Union (EU), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Chinese “Belt & Road Initiative” (BRI) project. All three differ in the time of their beginning, in economic and political possibilities, in methods of implementation and in its goals. All projects, one way or another, interact with each other in Eurasia with different intensity, potentially open up wide opportunities for them, but also create new problems. For Russia relations with China is one of the most important factors of its foreign policy and the Chinese project is a substantial part of it. The article examines the history of the Chinese project, the reasons for its occurrence, and the problems arising in bilateral and global relations in the context of Russia’s participation in it.

scholarly journals Russia in the Greater Eurasian Partnership: from Civilization Theory to Political Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
T. N. Litvinova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
New World ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organization ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Vladimir Putin

Introduction. The article overviews the place of Russia in the promotion and construction of the Greater Eurasian partnership. The idea of this partnership was proposed by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin for the interfacing of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) and the Chinese transport initiative “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR).Materials and methods. The study is based on the synthesis of the civilizational concept of Eurasianism and the theory of international integration. The work analyses official documents of EEU and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), declarations of their officials, screening mass media, trade and economic statistics.Results. The statistics show that EEU is gaining success, although at present its developed is slowing. Third countries still play a significant role in foreign trade and investments of EEU member states. China competes with Russia for the dominance in Central Asia. The interface of EEU and SCO integration processes, as well as the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road” should be developed in view of Russia’s interests.Discussion and conclusion. The Greater Eurasian partnership can be considered as component of a new world architecture underlied by the system of regional and interregional economic and integration groups. The post-Soviet countries of Eurasia are united by a common history, civilizational and cultural prerequisites for integration with the unifying role of Russia. No serious project on the continent can be implemented without its participation.

scholarly journals The role of the Republic of Kazakhstan in geopolitical transformation in the framework of the «Eurasian project»

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
M. M. Nurtazin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Post Soviet Space

In the process of researching the geopolitical transformation of the post-Soviet space as a «Eurasian project», the author uses the method of comparative analysis of the official foreign policy documents of the founding States of the Eurasian economic union. The author, highlighting Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus as subjects of the «integration core» in the post-Soviet space, reinforces the integration aspirations of these countries with economic data indicating their growing interdependence during the decade preceding the creation of the Union in may 2014.It is shown that the sanctions regime imposed by the Western countries on Russia and their negative impact on the economy of the EEU did not reduce the political will of the leaders of the «Troika» to continue further integration.A detailed research of the policy statements (publications) of the political leaders of the EEU «integration core» allows to determine the special role of Kazakhstan and its President N. Nazarbayev in the implementation of this large-scale geopolitical project.The author in considering programmatic foreign policy documents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia offers to focus attention on the peculiarities of the positioning of the Eurasian economic union as integration entity. As a result, according to the author, the membership of Belarus in the «Eurasian project» was the result of a hard compromise for the Belarusian people. The Russian example shows that Moscow’s foreign policy vector was initially perceived by the EEU as a global project connecting Europe with the Asia-Pacific region. Now, however, Russia has positioned the EEU as a regional site. The author regards this as a decrease in the status of Eurasian integration and believes that this thesis looks very controversial. Kazakhstan, in turn, sees the «Eurasian project» as an opportunity to join the global economic chains. Thus, Astana attaches to the EEU exclusively global significance.The position of the Kazakh leader in the course of meetings with Western leaders is emphasized. The leader of Kazakhstan traditionally positions the EEU as an adequate and successful economic integration entity with which it is necessary to establish cooperation in all spheres. This allows him to be assigned the status of «advocate» of the «Eurasian project». At the same time, the article notes the support of the Eurasian views of N. Nazarbayev on the ideas of classical Eurasians P. Savitsky, G. Florovsky, N. Trubetskoy, G. Vernadsky, S. Solovyov, L. Gumilev.It is concluded that in the conditions of the remaining anti-Russian sanctions regime Kazakhstan’s participation in the EEU is one of the main factors of the legitimization of integration education at the regional and global levels. 

scholarly journals Formation of a New Paradigm of Public Service in the Post-Soviet Eurasian Economic Union Countries (Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
Elena Bakhtairova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Public Service ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Political Approach ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The One

The article presents a comparative analysis of the public service organization systems of the partner countries of Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union: Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. On the one hand, these countries are united by the common Soviet past, and, on the other hand, they are working on the formation of a common economic space, which is indirectly influenced by all the state institutions of these countries, including the Institute of public service. The modern paradigm of public service consists in focusing on the active, technological component as opposed to the traditional political approach. The article describes the conditions for moving away from the current political approach and, on the basis of a comparative analysis of legislation and practice of the organization of public service, concludes how close the countries are to the new paradigm.

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