scholarly journals Effect of benzyladenine (BA) on auxin-induced stem elongation and thickening in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Saniewski ◽  
Elżbieta Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak ◽  
Justyna Góraj-Koniarska ◽  
Eleonora Gabryszewska
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Metabolic Significance ◽  
Cotton Wick

It is well known that stem elongation in tulip is induced by the auxin produced in the leaves and gynoecium. Excision of the flower bud and all the leaves in an early stage of tulip growth resulted in almost total inhibition of stem growth, but the inhibition was completely recovered by the exogenous application of auxin to the place from which the flower bud had been removed. Hormonal control of stem thickening in tulip is much less known. Additional application of benzyladenine (BA) to the tulip stem by soaking a cotton wick wrapped around all the internodes only slightly inhibited stem growth induced by IAA at a concentration of 0.1 and 2.0%, but substantially stimulated the thickening of all the internodes. The treatment of the tulip stem with benzyladenine enabled direct contact of the cytokinin with the epidermis, which is an important factor in stem elongation. The experiment conducted in field conditions also showed that BA only slightly inhibited the elongation of the fourth internode induced by IAA, but stimulated the thickening of that internode. IAA applied at a concentration of 2.0% stimulated ethylene production to a much higher extent than IAA at a concentration of 0.1%, and BA affected the auxin-induced ethylene production only to a small extent. Metabolic significance of these findings is discussed.

Floral induction in date palm seedlings (Phoenix dactylifera var. Deglet Nour) cultured in vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saïda Ammar ◽  
Abdellatif Benbadis ◽  
Bal Krishna Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Precocious Flowering ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Bud Initiation

Flower bud initiation in 5-month-old seedlings of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. var. Deglet Nour) was studied under controlled conditions. Normally inflorescence formation in mature plants takes 8 to 10 years. In juvenile plants inflorescence formation was induced in a 16-h day at 28 °C, by a combination of 6-benzylaminopurine, indoleacetic acid, and glucose or sucrose. The present investigation has determined favourable cultural conditions for floral induction in date palm in vitro at a very early stage of ontogeny. Both male and female flowers were induced on young plants. Floral induction usually occurred only when root formation was completely inhibited. The apparent antagonism between root formation and floral development suggests a possible competition in the young plant for growth substances, although production of floral inhibitory substances from the root cannot be precluded. These observations on the induction of precocious flowering in date palm seedlings suggest a model of development, corresponding to neoteny, of this tree as an herb.

Response of wheat to single short-term waterlogging during and after stem elongation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Meyer ◽  
HD Barrs
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Short Term

Transient waterlogging associated with spring irrigations on slowly draining soils causes yield reduction in irrigated wheat. Physiological responses to short-term flooding are not well understood. The aim of this experiment was to monitor above- and below-ground responses of wheat to single waterlogging events during and after stem elongation and to assess the sensitivity of the crop at these growth stages to flooding. Wheat (cv. Bindawarra) was grown in drainage lysimeters of undisturbed cores of Marah clay loam soil. A control treatment (F0) was well-watered throughout the season without surface flooding, while three others were flooded for 96 h at stem elongation (Fl), flag leaf emergence (F2) and anthesis (F3), respectively. Soil water content, soil O2, root length density, leaf and stem growth, apparent photosynthesis (APS), plant nutrient status and grain yield were measured. Soil water content increased and soil O2 levels decreased following flooding; the rate of soil O2 depletion increasing with crop age and root length. Leaf and stem growth and APS increased immediately following flooding, the magnitude of the increases was in the order F1 >F2>F3. A similar order existed in the effect of flooding which decreased the number of roots. Subsequently, leaf and stem growth decreased below that of F0 plants in F1, and briefly in F2. Decreases in APS of treated plants compared to F0 plants appeared to be due to their greater sensitivity to soil water deficit. There was no effect of flooding on grain yield. It is suggested that, while plant sensitivity to flooding decreased with age, flooding at stem elongation had no lasting detrimental effect on yield when post-flood watering was well controlled.

scholarly journals Introgression of Sub1 (SUB1) QTL in mega rice cultivars increases ethylene production to the detriment of grain- filling under stagnant flooding

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Rani Kuanar ◽  
Kutubuddin Ali Molla ◽  
Krishnendu Chattopadhyay ◽  
Ramani Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Pravat Kumar Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Oxidase Enzyme

AbstractIn the recent time, Submergence1 (Sub1)QTL, responsible for imparting tolerance to flash flooding, has been introduced in many rice cultivars, but resilience of the QTL to stagnant flooding (SF) is not known. The response of Sub1-introgression has been tested on physiology, molecular biology and yield of two popular rice cultivars (Swarna and Savitri) by comparison of the parental and Sub1-introgression lines (SwarnaSub1 and SavitriSub1) under SF. Compared to control condition SF reduced grain yield and tiller number and increased plant height and Sub1- introgression mostly matched these effects. SF increased ethylene production by over-expression of ACC-synthase and ACC-oxidase enzyme genes of panicle before anthesis in the parental lines. Expression of the genes changed with Sub1-introgression, where some enzyme isoform genes over-expressed after anthesis under SF. Activities of endosperm starch synthesizing enzymes SUS and AGPase declined concomitantly with rise ethylene production in the Sub1-introgressed lines resulting in low starch synthesis and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in the developing spikelets. In conclusion, Sub1-introgression into the cultivars increased susceptibility to SF. Subjected to SF, the QTL promoted genesis of ethylene in the panicle at anthesis to the detriment of grain yield, while compromising with morphological features like tiller production and stem elongation.

Outcomes of early stage endometrial cancer in medically complex women; Hormonal control compared to transvaginal hysterectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. e10-e11
Author(s):  
C.R. Washington ◽  
T. Castellano ◽  
B. Jordan ◽  
D. Zhao ◽  
K. Moxley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Early Stage Endometrial Cancer

CALCIUM DEFICIENCY AND OCCURRENCE OF TOPPLE DISORDER IN BULBOUS IRIS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. DOSS ◽  
J. K. CHRISTIAN ◽  
J. M. LANGAGER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Tissue Calcium

"Iris topple" is a physiological disorder of bulbous Iris that is characterized by weakness of the flower stalk at the uppermost node and the concommitant failure of the flower bud to remain erect. This condition occurs when bulbous Iris is forced in calcium-deficient growth media. An acropetal pattern of stem elongation in Iris and the general immobility of calcium within plants lead to a localized calcium-deficient region that exhibits severe cellular and ultrastructural abnormalities. The innermost three leaves and flower stalk from plants showing "Iris topple" as the only symptom of calcium deficiency have an average tissue calcium concentration of 0.3%.

Improvement of postharvest vase life and flower bud opening in Polianthes tuberosa using gibberellic acid and sucrose

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ren Su ◽  
Kuang-Liang Huang ◽  
Ping-Shun Chang ◽  
Wen-Shaw Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Bud Opening ◽  
Pulsed Treatment

Pulsing with gibberellic acid followed by continuous sucrose treatment enhanced flower longevity and flower bud opening in cut Polianthes tuberosa L. cv. Double. Pulsing with gibberellic acid at 10 or 20 mg/L plus 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (200 mg/L) for 24 h followed by continuous sucrose treatments (4 or 8%) plus 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate extended the vase life and significantly promoted flower bud opening as compared with the 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate controls. A pulse with a higher concentration of gibberellic acid (50 mg/L) followed by sucrose solutions did not increase vase life or enhance flower bud opening greater than those pulsed with gibberellic acid at 10 or 20 mg/L followed by 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate. A gibberellic acid (10, 20 or 50 mg/L) pulse followed by 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate holding solution had little effect on longevity and flower bud opening in comparison to 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate controls. Similarly, continuous sucrose treatment at 4 or 8% without a gibberellic acid-pulsed treatment also showed little effect on vase life and flower bud opening. Cut P. tuberosa treated with a gibberellic acid pulse followed by 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate produced more ethylene than those treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate alone. Ethylene production from flowers pulsed with gibberellic acid followed by sucrose was low when compared with controls or those pulsed with gibberellic acid alone. Cut stems continuously placed in solutions containing sucrose produced less ethylene than those without sucrose. It is suggested that a gibberellic acid pulse at 10 mg/L followed by continuous sucrose treatment at 4% be recommended to growers for extending the vase life and enhancing flower bud opening in cut P. tuberosa.

Dormancy in peach (Prunus persica) flower buds. VI. Effects of gibberellins and an acylcyclohexanedione (trinexapac-ethyl) on bud morphogenesis in field experiments with orchard trees and on cuttings

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminda Reinoso ◽  
Virginia Luna ◽  
Carlos Dauría ◽  
Richard P Pharis ◽  
Rubén Bottini
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

The effects of several gibberellins (GAs), exo-16,17-dihydro GA5, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, and GA3, and trinexapac-ethyl (an acylcyclohexanedione inhibitor of late-stage GA biosynthesis), were assessed for their effects on flower bud development during and after winter dormancy in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) in three field trials and one experiment using cuttings. At late developmental stages, GA3 hastened floral bud development and shortened the time to anthesis, whereas early-stage applications of GA3 either had no effect or delayed floral bud development. In contrast, an exceptionally growth-active GA, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, promoted floral bud development (tested only on cuttings) across a range of application dates. However, it also induced a high percentage of bud abscission and remaining buds had a necrotic gynoecium and alterations in the androecium. Surprisingly, trinexapac-ethyl also promoted floral bud development, although it was not as effective as GA1. Trinexapac-ethyl-treated buds also showed morphological alterations and gynoecium necrosis. However, the best and most consistent treatment for enhancing floral bud development and hastening flower anthesis was 16,17-dihydro GA5. It stimulated floral bud development in up to 80% of the treated buds. Further, the promotive effect of 16,17-dihydro GA5 was maintained through to anthesis across three years of field experiments on intact trees, as well as with cuttings. Whether 16,17-dihydro GA5, a competitive inhibitor of the 3β-hydroxylation step in GA biosynthesis, acts per se, acts via a metabolite (such as 16,17-dihydro GA3), or acts by modifying endogenous GA metabolism is not yet known.Key words: gibberellins, trinexapac-ethyl, floral bud morphogenesis, peach.

scholarly journals 394 HIGH-AND-LOW RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF GROWTH IN SNAPDRAGON (Antirrhinum majus cv. Giant Tetra) AND ZINNIA (Zinnia elegens cv. Pompom)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 487e-487
Author(s):  
Will Neily ◽  
Peter R. Hicklenton ◽  
David N. Kristie
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Stage 1

Stem elongation rates (SER) in snapdragon end zinnia were recorded in 3 DIF regimes (+5, -5, and 0; Daily average: 18C) using both high resolution (linear transducers), and low resolution techniques. Three developmental stages were chosen for study: Stage 1 was vegetative growth, preceding the formation of a flower bud. Stage 2 was the period from bud formation to preliminary expansion. Stage 3 was the period just before anthesis. Low resolution measurements showed a decrease in snapdragon height in response to a negative DIF. A negative DIF was less effective in reducing zinnia height especially after the third developmental stage. Final plant height for both species was not affected by placing plants in the 3 DIF regimes for 1 week during the growth cycle. Snapdragon and zinnia displayed unique diurnal SER patterns. Snapdragon showed a large peak in SER at the start of the dark period followed by a gradual decline. SER increased again during the light period. Most growth in vegetative zinnias occurred around the light/dark transition. This peak growth tended to shift to the night period as buds were formed and flowering proceeded. High resolution measurements revealed a reduction in SER for both species at negative DIP; greatest decreases occurred during the night. DIF exerts an influence on diurnal SER in both snapdragon and zinnia, despite well defined differences in SER patterns. Negative DIF suppresses the SER of both species at all 3 developmental stages, but must be applied consistently in order to produce significant differences in final plant height.

Expression of pigmentation genes and photo-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing Royal Gala apple flowers

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Hu Dong ◽  
Lesley Beuning ◽  
Kevin Davies ◽  
Deepali Mitra ◽  
Bret Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Dark Treatment ◽  
Petal Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Six Genes ◽  
Pure White

Anthocyanin levels and the expression of six genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (PAL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFRand ANS) were studied during apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) flower development. In the petal, maximal accumulation of the six mRNAs occurred at an early stage of flower development and then declined rapidly following petal expansion. During petal development, the highest levels of CHI enzymatic activity and anthocyanin concentration appeared about one day after maximum mRNA levels of the six genes. Blocking UV or natural light (dark treatment) before flower bud break reduced the expression of the six genes and inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in either pink (UV block treatment) or pure white (dark treatment) apple flowers. Furthermore, the pure white flowers (dark treatment) were unable to resynthesise anthocyanins, even if they were re-exposed to light or placed under UV-B plus white light in vitrofollowing stage I of flower development. These results suggest that anthocyanin biosynthesis and the activities of these genes in the developing apple flower are controlled by both development and light and that the key stage for the photoregulation is during the early stages of development.

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