scholarly journals Dependence of anatomical structure features on morphological form of branching of grass shoots

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leontyna Olszewska ◽  
Maria Wielicka
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
The Relationship

The occurrence of different shoot forms in <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L., <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb., <i>Holcus lanatus</i> L., <i>Avena fatua</i> L. and other grass species was observed in investigations on vegetative reproduction modes deviating from normal. The relationship between the morphological and anatomical structure of these shoots, depends on the grass species as well as on ecological and biotic factors. The anatomical structure of elongated vegetative tillers and pseudostolons as well as underground rooting stems regrowing in the soil approximates that of stolons in <i>Poa trivialis</i> L. Branching generative shoots show the same arrangement of tissues as that encountered in non-branching ones. Shoots with such a structure are resistant to bending and, therefore, their contact with the soil and rooting of aerial tillers meet, as a rule, with difficulties. All kinds of parental branching shoots under study, irrespective of whether they developed above or in the soil, are usually short lived, provided with sheaths and leaf blades, similarly as stolons. It was found that in many grass species different tillering forms occur generally in vegetative reproduction what would require a definition and unification of names of such differentiated shoots.

scholarly journals Distribution of tillers of plant species in old permanent grassland with different types of use.

1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
D.M. De Vries ◽  
B.J. Hoogers
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Rumex Acetosa ◽  
Deschampsia Caespitosa ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Bromus Mollis

A survey of 1647 old permanent grasslands was carried out using 25-sq. cm. samples [see Herb. Abstr. 29, p. 1] and the frequency of dominance of each species in the samples (DF), the frequency of occurrence of each species (PF), and the dominance tendency (Dt=DF/PF X 100) was calculated for each field. Tussock-forming species showed a non-uniform distribution of tillers within the sward and the value of Dt for these species was higher than that for uniformly distributed species. Of the 29 species studied, Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and F uncus effusus showed high average values for Dt, while rhizomatous species such as Poa pratensis and Agropyron repens [Elymus repens], stoloniferous species such as Trifolium repens, Poa trivialis and Ranunculus repens, and species spreading by means of seed, such as R. acris, Bromus mollis and Rumex acetosa, had low average Dt values. From values of Dt calculated for fields used for hay, hay-pasture (aftermath grazed), alternate pastures (mown for hay in some years only) and pure pastures, it was shown that D. caespitosa, L. perenne, D. glomerata and J. effusus were more regularly distributed in hay-fields than in pastures. In alternate pastures, J. effusus had a low Dt value, F. arundinacea a high Dt. Species having a preference for hayfields showed higher Dt values than elsewhere, owing to their growth not being restricted by grazing. Typical pasture species which spread by means of runners, such as P. pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera and T. repens, were more homogeneously distributed in hayfields; their increased Dt values in pastures was due to their concentration in the spaces between tussocks of other species.-R.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Influence of neighbors on node production, stolon growth, and branching of Trifolium repens transplants in a pasture

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1266-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Turkington ◽  
Elena Klein
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

Ten individual plants of Trifolium repens L. were transplanted into a 49-year-old cattle pasture in British Columbia. They were protected from grazing and their subsequent growth was monitored at 2- to 3-week intervals throughout the summer from May to October. The rate of stolon elongation was greatest (2.01 cm ∙ week−1) in late July and a maximum rate of node production (1.48 new nodes per stolon ∙ week−1) occurred in early August. As stolons extended through the pasture they encountered a number of different grass species: Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, and Poa spp. The stolons grew through a total of 2 m of H. lanatus neighborhood and produced only 3 branches, whereas they produced 11 branches in only 57.2 cm of P. pratense neighborhood. Neighboring grasses impose different local environments on the nodes and stolons of T. repens and consequently influence the dynamics of node production, the rate of stolon elongation, and the amount of stolon branching. Key words: stolon branching, neighbors, light quality, Trifolium repens.

scholarly journals Can pasture persistence be improved through the use of nonryegrass species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Recent Discussion

Recent discussion about pasture persistence concentrates on pastures based on perennial ryegrass, the most commonly used grass species. This paper raises the question as to whether some of the causes of poor pasture persistence are due to perennial ryegrass being used in environments to which it is not suited. The adaptation to environmental stresses, particularly water, temperature and nutrient deficiencies, in different regions of New Zealand of tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris, and lucerne are discussed, and how this impacts on persistence advantages over perennial ryegrass. Keywords: persistence, pasture, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica

scholarly journals Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jančík ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
P. Kubelková ◽  
B. Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (<I>Dactylis glomerata</I> L.,<I>Phleum pratense</I> L., <I>Lolium perenne</I> L., <I>Festuca arundinacea</I> L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (<I>a</I> = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, <I>b</I> = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, <I>c</I> = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and ED<sub>DM</sub> = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.05 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.08 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>) h<sup>–1</sup>). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of ED<sub>DM</sub> were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of ED<sub>DM</sub> were determined for <I>Lolium perenne</I> (ED<sub>DM2</sub> = 753.2, ED<sub>DM5</sub> = 631.1 and ED<sub>DM8</sub> = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (<I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values of 0.757 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.863 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.906 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave <I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for ED<sub>DM2</sub>, ED<sub>DM5</sub> and ED<sub>DM8</sub>, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant <I>P</I> < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

scholarly journals Root mass vertical distribution of perennial cool-season grasses grown in pure or mixed swards

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Ylluyanka Méndez Moncada ◽  
Luana Fidelis Américo ◽  
Paulo Gonçalves Duchini ◽  
Gabriela Cristina Guzatti ◽  
Daniel Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

ABSTRACT: In this study we tested whether the root biomass of mixtures composed by grass species is greater than their respective monocultures. The treatments were monocultures of Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and a mixture of them, cultivated in a rich-soil environment. Root biomass was evaluated on a single evaluation per season at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm). Mixed swards presented the greatest root biomass, and this was explained by a greater concentration in the topsoil layer (0-5 cm). These findings reinforce the need for permanent soil conservation practices to not jeopardize the benefits of the more abundant root biomass reported in the mixed swards.

scholarly journals Productivity of caucasian clover based pastures under irrigation

1996 ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
R.A. Moss ◽  
R.N. Burton ◽  
B.E. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Measurement Period

Grasslands Kara cocksfoot, Grasslands Nui ryegrass, Grasslands Roa tall fescue, Grasslands Gala grazing brome and Grasslands Maru phalaris were sown as single grass species with either white or Caucasian clover during December 1993, on a Lismore stony silt loam in Canterbury. Plots were irrigated and rotationally grazed by sheep. Total herbage produced during the first measurement period (September 1994 to July 1995) averaged 13.6 t DM/ha. All white clover-based swards produced similar yields, but with Caucasian clover, phalaris-based swards produced the most and ryegrass and grazing brome the least. Production tended to be lower from pastures sown with Caucasian than white clover (12.9 cf. 14.2,kg DM/ha). During the second measurement period (July 1995 to May 1996) total production was similar with both legumes. When evaluated over both measurement periods, phalaris and tall fescue gave the highest and cocksfoot and ryegrass the lowest production when sown with white clover, while cocksfoot and grazing brome were the lowestproducing swards with Caucasian clover. Ten --months-after-sow.ing,-white-cIover-contributed-in excess of40% of the DM in all swards except with ryegrass and grazing brome where it contributed 20%. The proportion of white clover then declined in all pastures over the following 20 months, ryegrass-based swards having the highest (10%) and cocksfoot the lowest (1%). When sown with Caucasian clover the legume content of swards increased during the 12 months from spring 1994 in swards containing phalaris, tall fescue and grazing brome. The proportion of legume in -cocksfoot swardsmdeclined-continuously from 22 to 4% over the 20 months while it increased continuously from 4 to 28% with ryegrass. The legume content in lo-month-old pastures was higher when sown with white than with Caucasian clover but this ratio was reversed by 28 months. This occurred with all pasture types but was most pronounced with ryegrass and cocksfoot pastures. The present experiment shows Caucasian clover can make a major contribution in irrigated pastures in Canterbury. 'Wattie Bush, RD 22, Peel Forest, Geruldine Keywords: Bromus stamineus, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, grazed pastures, herbage production, Lolium perenne, Phalaris aquatica, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium repens

scholarly journals Branching of tillers in some grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Leontyna Olszewska ◽  
Maria Wielicka
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

In investigations on the grass regeneration biology a special attention was paid to the formation of aerial tillers and branching pseudostolons in <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L., <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb., <i>Festuca pratensis</i> Huds., <i>Festuca rubra</i> L., <i>Phleum pratense</i> L., <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam., <i>Lolium perenne</i> L., <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> L., <i>Arrhenatherum elatius</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Holcus lanatus</i> L., <i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Avenastrum pubescens</i> (Huds) Opiz and <i>Agrostis alba</i> L. Aerial tillers, vegetative short ones and with partly elongated internodes as well as generative tillers formed in tufted and rhizomatous grasses. Parental raised tillers, on which aerial tillers developed, had the anatomical structure specific for grass stems. In tufted grasses, moreover, parental branching pseudostolons developed; in their cross section the arrangement of tissues specific for stolons was observed. They constituted the starting point for agglomerations of new plants rooting in soil, contrary to raised tillers. In some grass species, beside pendant roots, shorter roots grew at the base of aerial tillers; they surrounded with a ring the parent shoot in the node, thus reinforcing the connection of aerial tillers with the stem. An attention was paid to the favourable role of branching pseudostolons in the sward thickness formation. Conditions of the arrangement of tissues in the stem cross section, owing to which the rhizomatous form is developed, are discussed. The fertilization with compost or the covering with sand results in the formation of tillers resembling pseudorhizomes.

Tall fescue or creeping foxtail suppresses foxtail barley

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
A. L. Boswall
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Agropyron Smithii ◽  
Western Wheatgrass ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) is a troublesome weed in irrigated pastures. Several grass species seeded on two irrigated pastures at Lethbridge to test their ability to compete with foxtail barley. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir) reduced foxtail barley groundcover significantly compared to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.) and western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.); therefore, seeding of these grasses in areas subject to foxtail barley invasion should be encouraged. Key words: Foxtail barley, tall fescue, creeping foxtail, wet soils, salinity, weed suppression

scholarly journals Growth and Persistenceof Common Temperature Pasture Species under Low Light and Low R:FR Ratio

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
NR Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Agrostis Capillaris ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
R:Fr Ratio ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

The effects of varied PAR and R:FR ratio on tillering and shoot dry weight production of temperate pasture species were evaluated at Massey University New Zealand using split-plot design with four blocks. The main plots were % transmitted PAR (photosynthetically active radiation; mmoles photons m-2 s-1, 400- 700 nm) and R:FR ratios (red to far red ratios) with 2 x 2 factors of PAR and R: FR, i.e. medium (38 and 39%) and low (16 and 17%) PAR-each with two natural (1.33 and 1.34) and two reduced (0.57 each) R:FR ratios. The treatment combination was such that each low and medium PAR level had a natural and a reduced R:FR ratio. PAR levels with natural R: FR ratio were imposed by differing densities of neutral shade cloth (Sarlon) with a layer of clear filter, while low R:FR ratio was created with the use of a blue filter. Nine pasture cultivars of seven pasture species: Dactylis glomerata L., Grasslands Wana (cocksfoot); Dactylis glomerata L., PG 74 (cocksfoot); Dactylis glomerata L., PG 321 (cocksfoot); Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass); Holcus lanatus L. (Yorkshire fog); Agrostis capillaris (browntop); Poa trivialis; Trifolium repens L. (white clover), and Lotus uliginosus (lotus) were grown in pots as subplots with four replicate blocks. Six plants were maintained per pot. Plants were harvested at 61 days after imposing shade. There was no effect of R:FR ratio (P>0.05) on the shoot dry weight per plant, however, significant differences (P<0.05) for PAR, species, and interaction of PAR, species for shoot dry weight was observed. At low PAR, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata (Wana) and Holcus lanatus had the highest and similar yields, whereas the yield of white clover and lotus were similar and less than for all the grass species. Effects of PAR as well as R:FR were significant (P<0.001) for total tillers per plant in the shade. Poa trivialis, Agrostis capillaris and Lolium perenne had the highest number of tillers/plant at the low PAR and low R:FR, but did not contribute to higher shoot dry weight at the low PAR, mainly due to their low weight per tiller. Likewise, SLA was significantly (P<0.01) increased by low PAR but not by low R:FR. Lotus produced a higher (P<0.001) number of branches at the low PAR than white clover. Comparatively better performance of cocksfoot, especially at low PAR, was mainly due to the ability to produce higher leaf area, higher SLA, and more tillers per plant. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of PAR and R:FR on the yield and yield components with respect to the attributes of shade tolerant pasture species. Key words: PAR, R:FR ratio, wana cocksfoot, nui perennial ryegrass, shade J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:111-118 (2006)

scholarly journals Relationships of Epichloe typhina isolates from different host grasses

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 451-455
Author(s):  
C.L. Schardl ◽  
A. Leuchtmann ◽  
B.A. Mcdonald
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Beta Tubulin Gene

Epichloë typhina comprises interfertile strains associated with several grass species in tribes Poeae, Aveneae and Brachypodieae. Molecular phylogenetics indicate that E. typhina is paraphyletic to E. sylvatica and E. clarkii. Although interfertility barriers are evident between E. typhina and E. sylvatica, E. clarkii is interfertile with E. typhina. However, E. clarkii is associated specifically with Holcus lanatus (Aveneae). We addressed the possibility that E. typhina is a complex of genetically isolated populations distinguishable by host specificity. Populations of E. typhina were sampled from three Cantons on a transect from southwest to northeast Switzerland, and from 1-3 host species in each Canton. No fewer than 20 isolates were obtained from each host at each location. The intron-rich 5'-end of the beta-tubulin gene was sequenced from each isolate, and all of the sequences were aligned for phylogenetic and coalescence analyses. There was no indication of geographic isolation of the populations, but no haplotypes (sequence variants) were shared between isolates from different hosts. Therefore, E. typhina appears to be a complex of genetically isolated sympatric populations that are specific for different hosts. Keywords: Brachypodium species, Clavicipitaceae, Dactylis glomerata, Epichloë, epichloë endophytes, grasses, host specificity, molecular phylogenetics, Poa species, Poaceae, population genetics

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