scholarly journals Healthiness and fungus composition of barley roots under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Anna Baturo ◽  
Czesław Sadowski ◽  
Jan Kuś
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Disease Symptoms

The researched material was healthiness of roots and fungus composition of spring barley cultivated under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems. The studies were carried out in 1998-2001 on experimental fields in Osiny near Puławy, south-eastern Poland. In the emergence stage the roots health status was the lowest in organic system however in the end of vegetation season, in dough maturity stage the most disease symptoms were stated in conventional system. The mycological analyses revealed the occurrence of two important pathogens: <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Despite of root healthiness macroscopic analyses showed their lower health status in organic system only in emergence stage and the most quantity of plants with disease symptoms in dough maturity stage were observed in conventional system, but pathogens like <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. were mostly isolated in organic system in both phases. It can suggest that disease symptoms in conventional system can be caused by different than fungus factors. The lowest percent of mentioned pathogens was stated in integrated system. It is worth to notice that organic conditions could be favourable to <i>Gliocladium roseum</i>. Because of growing interest in ecology, giving up of using pesticides and more and more popular biological disease control, these fungi of <i>Gliocladium</i> genus be used in this system due to their antagonistic properties.

scholarly journals Chemical Properties of Soil in Four-Field Crop Rotations under Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Elżbieta Harasim
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Organic System

In agriculture, the farming system significantly affects chemical soil properties. The organic system, which is based among others on the use of natural (organic) fertilizers, promotes increased soil contents of humus, organic C, and micronutrients. The conventional system, in turn, may cause soil acidification if high rates of mineral (particularly nitrogen) fertilization are used. The crop plant species also modifies soil chemistry by providing different (quantitatively and qualitatively) crop residues. The study was conducted over the period 2013–2016 in Czesławice (Lublin Region, Poland). The aim of this study was to determine the content of some chemical components determining the quality of loess soil on which four plant species were grown under organic and conventional farming systems. This research involved the determination of some parameters of the chemical composition of the soil: soil pH, total sorption capacity, humus content, macronutrient (P, K, Mg) and micronutrient (B, Cu, Mn, Zn) content, organic carbon, and total nitrogen content. The content of different forms of nitrogen, N-NO3 and N-NH4, was also determined. The experimental design included two crop rotations (organic and conventional) in which identical plant species were grown: potato—winter wheat—field bean—spring barley. The experiment was established on loess soil with the grain size distribution of silt loam and classified as good wheat soil complex (soil class II). It was carried out as a split-plot design in three replicates, and the area of a single plot was 80 m2. Soil samples were taken using a soil sampling tube from an area of 0.20 m2 (from the 0–25 cm layer) in each plot at the end of the growing season of the specific crops grown. Over the four year study period, it was found that the organic system contributed to an increased soil content of magnesium, boron, copper, manganese, zinc, organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Moreover, organic cropping promoted more favorable soil pH and higher soil humus content. Organic cropping significantly improved the total sorption capacity of the soil compared to conventional cultivation. Moreover, the organic system contributed to a higher soil content of nitrogen in the form of N-NH4 and its lower content in the form of N-NO3. Under the conventional system, in turn, a higher soil phosphorus and potassium content was observed. To sum up, the study confirmed the assumed hypothesis that the organic farming system would contribute to an improvement in the chemical quality indicators of loess soil. Regardless of the cropping system, potato and field bean had the most beneficial effect on soil chemistry, whereas cereal crops showed the weakest effect. Winter wheat and spring barley had an effect on significantly lower total sorption capacity of the soil and a significantly lower soil content of N-NO3 and N-NH4.

scholarly journals Health status of five spring barley cultivars cultivated under organic system

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-358
Author(s):  
Anna Baturo
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Prevalent Pathogen

The objective of the study was to compare health status of harvested grain of spring barley cv. Rudzik, Rodos, Start and Maresi cultivated in organic system and cv. Damazy grown in an organic farm. Analyses showed that prevalent pathogen on grain was <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> isolated from 48% of grains. Fungi from genus of <i>Fusarium</i> were obtained less numerously, from 27% of grains and were represented mainly by <i>F. poae</i> and <i>F. avenaceum</i>. Microscopic analysis of <i>F. poae</i> was confirmed by PCR analysis. All cultivars were intensively diseased by <i>B. sorokiniana</i>, thus it is impossible to show a cultivar especially recommended for this system, where <i>B. sorokiniana</i> can be serious problem. However cv. Damazy showed relatively the lowest infestation by <i>B. sorokiniana</i> and it also was not more intensively diseased by <i>Fusarium</i> spp. It is very important in nutrition aspect because these fungi can be dangerous for both human and animal health due to their abilities to produce mycotoxins.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of weed regulation methods in spring wheat cultivated in integrated, conventional and organic crop production systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Weed Communities

Abstract The research was conducted from 2008 to 2010, and compared the influence of different weed control methods used in spring wheat on the structure of the weed communities and the crop yield. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Osiny as part of a long-term trial where these crop production systems had been compared since 1994. In the conventional and integrated systems, spring wheat was grown in a pure stand, whereas in the organic system, the wheat was grown with undersown clover and grasses. In the conventional system, herbicides were applied two times in a growing season, but in the integrated system - only once. The effectiveness of weed management was lower in the organic system than in other systems, but the dry matter of weeds did not exceed 60 g/m2. In the integrated system, the average dry matter of weeds in spring wheat was 4 times lower, and in the conventional system 10 times lower than in the organic system. Weed diversity was the largest in spring wheat cultivated in the organic system. In the conventional and integrated systems, compensation of some weed species was observed (Viola arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus, Equisetum arvense). The comparison of weed communities using Sorenson’s indices revealed more of a similarity between systems in terms of number of weed species than in the number of individuals. Such results imply that qualitative changes are slower than quantitative ones. The yield of grain was the biggest in the integrated system (5.5 t/ha of average). It was 35% higher than in the organic system, and 20% higher than in conventional ones.

scholarly journals Reaction of spring barley cultivars grown in Finland to soil-borne infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana and to its toxic metabolites

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Aarne Kurppa
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
The Mean

Soil-borne infection of Bipolaris sorokiniana caused foot and root rot in all spring barley cultivars studied. Significant differences in susceptibility of the cultivars and pathogenicity of the fungus isolates were found. Primary symptoms caused by the fungus were seedling blight, later foot and root rot. Yield losses caused by the fungus varied from 3 % to 33 % the mean being c. 15 %. Yield losses could occur without severe disease symptoms. Toxic metabolites produced by the fungus induced visible foot and root symptoms in all cultivars tested and caused lesions in the leaves of some cultivars. Variability in toxin production of fungus isolates as well as the reaction of a cultivar to toxins was demonstrated. The cultivars most susceptible to soil-borne infection by the fungus also showed the most severe symptoms when exposed to toxic metabolites of the fungus.

scholarly journals The Performance of Oat-Vetch Mixtures in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pużyńska ◽  
Agnieszka Synowiec ◽  
Stanisław Pużyński ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Kazimierz Klima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Organic Farming Systems ◽  
Organic And Conventional Farming ◽  
Selection Of

The research aimed to compare the yields and yield components of mixtures of oats with common vetch grown for seeds in organic and conventional farming systems. Moreover, the selection of oat cultivars for the mixture and its performance in a crop rotation experiment in different growing years was analyzed. Additionally, the leaf area index (LAI) and the relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD) of the mixtures were assessed. The field experiment with four-field crop rotation in organic or conventional farming systems was carried out in 2012–2014 in southern Poland. Common vetch (Vicia sativa L., cv. ‘Hanka’) was mixed with one of two oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars, ‘Celer’ or ‘Grajcar.’ The effects of all of the factors on the mixtures’ canopy indices and yield were found. The canonical analysis revealed that the weather course, especially drought, had the largest effect on the oat-vetch mixtures’ performance. Moreover, the mixtures developed the highest LAI (5.28 m2∙m−2) and seed yield (4.57 t ha−1) in the conventional farming system. On the contrary, the share of vetch seeds in the mixtures was 24% higher in the organic system than in the conventional one. The selection of cv. ‘Grajcar’ oats for the mixture with vetch increased the share of vetch seeds in the yield by 16.5%. In summary, a balanced share of oat-vetch mixture components depends on the proper selection of the oat cultivar, especially for organic farming systems.

scholarly journals Long-term effect of farming systems on the yield of crop rotation and soil nutrient content

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
INDREK KERES ◽  
Maarika Alaru ◽  
Viacheslav Eremeev ◽  
Liina Talgre ◽  
Anne Luik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Wheat Field

The effects of organic (manure, cover crop) and mineral fertilisers on total yield, soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dynamics and soil pH changes were studied over 10 years. Five field crops (spring barley, red clover, winter wheat, field pea, potato) were grown organically and conventionally in rotation. The total yield of the five crops fertilized similarly was 24–25% higher in conventionally fertilised treatments than in organic treatments. The higher yielding conventionally fertilised treatments (annual total yield 29.0–29.8 t ha–1) removed 12–18 kg ha–1 P and 45–73 kg ha–1 K per year, which was respectively 28–35% and 28–40% higher than organic treatments. The soil became more acidic in the conventional system (pH 5.4–5.9 versus 5.9–6.3). The highest annual P and K uptake was by potato, followed by winter wheat. Use of winter cover crops and composted cattle manure in the organic system did not maintain the levels of P and K in the soil at baseline.

Crop-yield and economic comparisons of organic, low-input, and conventional farming systems in California's Sacramento Valley

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Clark ◽  
Karen Klonsky ◽  
Peter Livingston ◽  
Steve Temple
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Sacramento Valley

AbstractWe compared the crop yields and economic performance of organic, lowinput, and conventional farming systems over an eight-year period based on research from the Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems (SAFS) Project in California's Sacramento Valley. The SAFS Project consisted of four farming-system treatments that differed in material input use and crop rotation sequence. The treatments included four-year rotations under conventional (conv-4), low-input, and organic management, and a conventionally-managed, two-year rotation (conv-2). The four-year rotations included processing tomato, safflower, corn, and bean and a winter grain and/or legume doublecropped with bean. The conv-2 treatment was a tomato and wheat rotation. In the lowinput and organic systems, inorganic fertilizer and synthetic pesticide inputs were reduced or eliminated largely through crop rotation, legume cover crops, composted manure applications, and mechanical cultivation.All crops, except safflower, demonstrated significant yield differences across farming systems in at least some years of the experiment. Yields of tomato and corn, the most nitrogen (N)-demanding crops in the rotations, responded most years to the farming-system years treatments, while bean and the winter grain/legume displayed treatment differences less often and instead tended to vary more with yearly growing conditions. Nitrogen availability and/or weed competition appeared to account for lower crop yields in the organic and low-input systems in some years. The economics of all farming systems depended mainly on the costs and profits associated with tomato production. The most profitable system was the conv-2 system due to the greater frequency of tomato in that system. Among the four-year rotations, the organic system was the most profitable. However, this system's dependence on price premiums leads to some concern over its long-term economic viability. Among the low-input cropping systems, corn demonstrated clear agronomic and economic advantages over conventional production methods. Based upon these findings, we suggest that future research on organic and low-input farming systems focus on developing cost-effective fertility and weed management options based upon improved understanding of N dynamics and weed ecology.

scholarly journals Production and photosynthetic activity of Mimosa Verde and Mimosa Roxa lettuce in two farming systems

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Mabel Rosa ◽  
Hizumi Lua Sarti Seó ◽  
Maila Berté Volpato ◽  
Nathalie Vieira Foz ◽  
Tatiane Carine da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Net Assimilation

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most commonly consumed leaf vegetable in the Brazilian diet, and it is a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is widely grown in the conventional farming system. However, the hydroponic farming system has been gaining importance in the market, wining confidence from consumers, who are becoming increasingly more demanding on food quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two lettuce cultivars on hydroponic and conventional farming systems for the production of fresh mass (FM) and dry mass (DM), photosynthesis, contents of chlorophyll and anthocyanin. The following two experiments were carried out: hydroponics farming (HF) and conventional farming (CF), performed in protect and unprotect environments, respectively, in Florianópolis, SC. Mimosa Verde cultivar (MV) showed greater fresh mass than Mimosa Roxa (MR), in both farming systems and the two cultivars presented better performance in the hydroponic system (287.7 g MV and 139.1 g MR) than the conventional system (129.7 g MV and 111.8 g MR). Mimosa Verde cultivar presented lower average contents of total chlorophyll (7.7 mg g-¹ FM) than Mimosa Roxa (11.8 mg g-¹FM), and both cultivars displayed higher means for this variable in the hydroponic farming system. Mimosa Roxa presented higher contents of anthocyanin in the conventional system (88.24 mg g-¹ FM) than the ones in the hydroponic system (36.89 mg g-¹ FM). The best results for CO2 net assimilation rate regarded to photosyntheticaly active photon flux density were found in the hydroponic system, for both lettuce cultivars. Variation in the contents of chlorophyll were also found. Those variations were higher in the protected system than in the hydroponic system and contents of anthocyanin were higher in the conventional system.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Activity of Loess Soil in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Elżbieta Harasim ◽  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk ◽  
Jacek Antonkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Organic And Conventional Farming

This study was conducted over the period 2017–2019 in Czesławice (central Lublin region, Poland). The aim of the present study was to compare chemical soil quality parameters (soil pH, available P and K, organic carbon, and total nitrogen content) and soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, protease) in organic and conventional farming systems. The experimental design included two crop rotations (organic and conventional) in which identical plant species were grown: sugar beet-spring barley-red clover-winter wheat-oats. The loess soil on which the experiment was conducted was characterized by the grain size distribution of silt loam, and this soil was categorized as good wheat soil complex (soil class II). The experiment was set up as a split-plot design in triplicate in plots with an area of 40 m2. Soil sampling was carried out using a soil auger within an area of 0.20 m2 (from the 0 to 20 cm layer) in each plot during the autumn period. Over the 3-year study period, it was found that the organic system contributed to an increased soil content of organic carbon and total nitrogen. Moreover, a significantly higher soil pH value and a favorable narrow C/N ratio were found under the organic system (regardless of the crop species). Under the conventional system, in turn, a higher soil phosphorus and potassium content was observed. Enzymatic tests of the soil in the five-field crop rotation proved significantly higher activity of all the enzymes studied (in particular that of dehydrogenase, protease, and urease) in the organic system relative to the conventional one, regardless of the crop plant. Among the plants grown in crop rotation, sugar beet, and red clover had the most beneficial effect on the activity of the soil enzymes, followed by oats (especially under the organic system). The activity of the studied enzymes in the organic system was positively correlated (statistically significantly) with favorable soil pH, a higher content of organic C, and total N, and C/N ratio.

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