Indoor air quality and its relationship with cluster type in urban Pakistani households

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
A. A. Nafees ◽  
U. Rabbani ◽  
S. Razzaq ◽  
K. Minai ◽  
M. A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Cluster Type ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants

OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels and predictors of formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in Karachi, Pakistan.METHODS: A total of 1629 households were selected through multistage cluster sampling in a community‐based cross‐sectional survey. Formaldehyde, NO2 and CO levels were measured using YesAir Indoor air monitor and for PM2.5, UCB‐PATS (University of California Berkeley Particle and Temperature Sensor) was used. Clusters were classified either as planned (areas of planned housing) or unplanned (informal settlements).RESULTS: We found the median concentrations to be as follows: formaldehyde, 0.03 ppm (IQR 0.00–0.090); CO, 0.00 ppm (IQR 0.00–1.00); NO2, 0 ppm (IQR 0.00–0.00) and PM2.5, 0.278 mg/m3 (IQR 0.162–0.526). We found a significant association of the upper quartiles of formaldehyde and PM2.5 levels with type of cluster. The risk of obtaining formaldehyde and PM2.5 levels in the upper quartile was higher in unplanned clusters than in planned clusters (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 33.0, 95% CI 4.02–271.5 and aOR 0.10, 95% CI 0.001–0.16, respectively). No significant association was observed between levels of CO and cluster type (aOR 0.84, 95%CI 0.62–1.14).CONCLUSION: This study reports high levels of indoor air pollutants in Karachi, with considerable variation across planned vs. unplanned clusters.

scholarly journals Factors Impacting Range Hood Use in California Houses and Low-Income Apartments

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8870
Author(s):  
Haoran Zhao ◽  
Wanyu R. Chan ◽  
William W. Delp ◽  
Hao Tang ◽  
Iain S. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants

Venting range hoods can control indoor air pollutants emitted during residential cooktop and oven cooking. To quantify their potential benefits, it is important to know how frequently and under what conditions range hoods are operated during cooking. We analyzed data from 54 single family houses and 17 low-income apartments in California in which cooking activities, range hood use, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were monitored for one week per home. Range hoods were used for 36% of cooking events in houses and 28% in apartments. The frequency of hood use increased with cooking frequency across homes. In both houses and apartments, the likelihood of hood use during a cooking event increased with the duration of cooktop burner use, but not with the duration of oven use. Actual hood use rates were higher in the homes of participants who self-reported more frequent use in a pre-study survey, but actual use was far lower than self-reported frequency. Residents in single family houses used range hoods more often when cooking caused a discernible increase in PM2.5. In apartments, residents used their range hood more often only when high concentrations of PM2.5 were generated during cooking.

scholarly journals Alcohol Use among Women in a Town of Eastern Nepal

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (155) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surya Raj Niraula ◽  
PM Shyangwa ◽  
N Jha ◽  
RK Paudel ◽  
PK Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Alcohol Users

A community-based cross-sectional survey with cluster sampling method (probability proportionate to size) was carried out to estimate the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Nepalese women in Dharan town to assess the pattern of use and to identify the factors associated with this habit. A representative sample of 2340 women, aged 15 years and above was interviewed in 2002. The estimated prevalence of alcohol consumption was nearly 17%. Alcohol use is prevalent among females of hill ethnic groups. Nearly half of the divorced (formal or informal) women consumed alcohol. The women, aged 50 years and above, were at risk to become addicted to its use. Most popular drink in this area is a homemade product (Local Raksi). The alcohol users are more likely to smoke as well. More than 9% of pregnant women are found to consume alcohol during their pregnancy. Effective awareness programs are required to discourage the excessive use of alcohol among women and encourage those seeking regular health care services.Key Words: Prevalence, pattern, factors, women, alcohol, Dharan, Nepal.

AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Nadia Tariq ◽  
Tamkeen Jaffry ◽  
Rahma Fiaz ◽  
Abdul Majid Rajput ◽  
Sadaf Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
General Population ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population. Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed. Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females. Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.

Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousif Elmosaad ◽  
Ahmed Al Rajeh ◽  
Asif khan ◽  
Elfatih Malik ◽  
Ilias Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Positive Attitudes

This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in malaria prevention using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) among mothers of children under five years of age in White Nile State, Sudan. Multistage cluster sampling was used to select 761 mothers for this cross-sectional survey. There were gaps in the KAP in malaria prevention. Only 46.3% of the mothers stated personal protective measures (PPMs) as the best malaria prevention strategy; 54.9% considered ITNs as an effective means; and only 18.7% reported sleeping under an ITN every day. Older mothers were less likely to have good knowledge (OR=0.96), attitudes (OR=0.98) and practices (OR=0.98). Having a Government employee as the head of the household was positively associated with knowledge (OR=2.16) and attitudes (OR=1.96). The mother having a formal education was also positively associated with good knowledge (OR=1.55) and positive attitudes (OR=1.69). Mothers with a monthly household income of <491 Sudanese Pound were more likely to have good knowledge (OR=1.43). Mothers who had good knowledge (OR=4.99) and positive attitudes towards PPMs (OR=2.60) in malaria prevention were found to be more likely to practice preventive measures. Therefore, we recommend focusing on raising mothers’ awareness of the different preventive activities to protect them and their family from malaria.

scholarly journals Exposure and Health Impacts Related to Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollutants

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Haider A. Khwaja
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Selection Of

The five papers included in this Special Issue represent a diverse selection of contributions [...]

scholarly journals Child Nutrition Among Circular Migrant Families Working in the Brick Kilns of Bihar, India (P10-052-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Roshania ◽  
Rakesh Giri ◽  
Melissa Fox Young ◽  
G Sai Mala ◽  
Amy Webb Girard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Migrant Families

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of child malnutrition and the determinants of nutrition status among circular migrant families working in the brick industry in Bihar, India, focusing on differences by origin. Methods We used a stratified, cluster sampling design consisting of a cross-sectional survey in 552 randomly selected brick kilns (clusters) throughout Bihar. Circular migration was defined as residence outside the home block for at least 60 days for employment plus at least one home return in the previous year. Per kiln, three circular migrant households with children 0–35 months of age were randomly selected. We collected kiln, household and child-level data including anthropometric measurements for each selected child (n = 1198). Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted in SAS. The primary outcomes were stunting (<-2 SD height-for-age z score) and wasting (<-2 SD weight-for-height z score). The primary exposure of interest was intrastate vs. interstate origin; covariates included household wealth index, parity of the mother, and child age and gender. Results Prevalence of stunting was lower among interstate migrants (47%) compared to intrastate migrants (55%, aOR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.50–0.88). Wasting was higher among interstate migrants (43%) compared to intrastate migrants (34%, aOR:1.51, 95%CI: 1.17–1.94). Among children 6–23 months, 13% had a minimum acceptable diet; MAD was higher among interstate migrants (17%), compared to intrastate migrants (10%) (P = 0.014). Full immunization coverage among circular migrants was 39%, lower than the overall state (62%, NFHS IV). Open defecation was reported by over 90% of circular migrants. Conclusions Our results are likely to inform the ongoing policy discourse on circular migrants’ access to health and nutrition benefits. State of origin emerged as an important predictor of nutrition status, operating differently for acute and chronic malnutrition; we will further explore pathways of nutrition by origin in future analyses. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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