scholarly journals A novel algorithm for vertical soil layering by utilizing the CPT data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meho Saša Kovačević ◽  
Mario Bačić ◽  
Lovorka Librić ◽  
Petra Žužul ◽  
Kenneth Gavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Layering ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Soil Behaviour

Determination of the relevant soil stratigraphy is of the paramount importance for any geotechnical analysis. The cone penetration test (CPT) is the cost-effective, rapid, continuous, and reliable testing method for assessing soil layering and estimating in-situ mechanical properties of soil, and as such is especially useful for subsoil investigations along linear infrastructure networks, such as roads, highways, or railways. The design soil profile can be effectively determined using the CPT-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system. However, the soil profile consists of layers of various thickness and some layers can be only a few centimetres thick. Because the cone needs to penetrate to a certain depth to develop the cone resistance and to identify the presence of another layer, thin layers of soil cannot be properly detected. The soil layering algorithm, presented in this paper, merges these thin layers into the adjacent layers and thus overcomes the unreliable determination of the thin layers. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using a CPT carried out on the embankment test-site in north Croatia.

Cone penetration test (CPT)-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system — an update

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1910-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.K. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cone Penetration Test ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Behaviour ◽  
Behaviour Type

A soil classification system is used to group soils according to shared qualities or characteristics based on simple cost-effective tests. The most common soil classification systems used in geotechnical engineering are based on physical (textural) characteristics such as grain size and plasticity. Ideally, geotechnical engineers would also like to classify soils based on behaviour characteristics that have a strong link to fundamental in situ behaviour. However, existing textural-based classification systems have a weak link to in situ behaviour, since they are measured on disturbed and remolded samples. The cone penetration test (CPT) has been gaining in popularity for site investigations due to the cost-effective, rapid, continuous, and reliable measurements. The most common CPT-based classification systems are based on behaviour characteristics and are often referred to as a soil behaviour type (SBT) classification. However, some confusion exists, since most CPT-based SBT classification systems use textural-based descriptions, such as sand and clay. This paper presents an update of popular CPT-based SBT classification systems to use behaviour-based descriptions. The update includes a method to identify the existence of microstructure in soils, and examples are used to illustrate the advantages and limitations of such a system.

Cost Effectiveness of the Oncotype DX DCIS Score for Guiding Treatment of Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (33) ◽  
pp. 3963-3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann C. Raldow ◽  
David Sher ◽  
Aileen B. Chen ◽  
Abram Recht ◽  
Rinaa S. Punglia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
High Grade ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The Oncotype DX DCIS Score short form (DCIS Score) estimates the risk of an ipsilateral breast event (IBE) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with breast-conserving surgery without adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). We determined the cost effectiveness of strategies using this test. Materials and Methods We developed a Markov model simulating 10-year outcomes for 60-year-old women eligible for the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group E5194 study (cohort 1: low/intermediate-grade DCIS, ≤ 2.5 cm; cohort 2: high-grade DCIS, ≤ 1 cm) with each of five strategies: (1) no testing, no RT; (2) no testing, RT only for cohort 2; (3) no RT for low-grade DCIS, test for intermediate- and high-grade DCIS, RT for intermediate- or high-risk scores; (4) test all, RT for intermediate- or high-risk scores; and (5) no testing, RT for all. We used utilities and costs extracted from the literature and Medicare claims to determine incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and examined the number of women needed to irradiate per IBE prevented. Results No strategy using the DCIS Score was cost effective. The most cost-effective strategy (RT for none or RT for all) was sensitive to small differences between the utilities of receiving or not receiving RT and remaining without recurrence. The numbers needed to irradiate per IBE prevented were 10.5, 9.1, 7.5, and 13.1 for strategies 2 to 5, respectively, relative to strategy 1. Conclusion Strategies using the DCIS Score lowered the proportion of women undergoing RT per IBE prevented. However, no strategy incorporating the DCIS Score was cost effective. The cost effectiveness of RT was exquisitely utility sensitive, highlighting the importance of engaging patient preferences in this decision. Physicians should discuss trade-offs associated with omitting or adding adjuvant RT with each patient to maximize quality-of-life outcomes.

Determination of hydraulic conductivity as a function of depth and water content for soil in situ

Soil Research ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Rose ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
JE Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Potential Gradients

A theory is presented to calculate hydraulic conductivity from successive measurements of water content profiles for soil in situ. With unsaturated soil, potential gradients are inferred using moisture characteristics, but with saturated soil these gradients must be measured directly. The weight of overburden can affect in situ soil water suction, and a method for determining this effect is given. The theory was applied to a soil profile with marked changes in moisture characteristics and texture, and conductivity was determined for several depths as a function of water content.

scholarly journals Facile Preparation of Fe3O4/C Nanocomposite and Its Application for Cost-Effective and Sensitive Detection of Tryptophan

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Shuai Dong ◽  
Quanguo He ◽  
Suchun Yang ◽  
Mei Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Human Serum Samples ◽  
Sensitive Determination ◽  
The Cost

In this study, we reported facile synthesis of Fe3O4/C composite and its application for the cost-effective and sensitive determination of tryptophan (Trp) in human serum samples. Fe3O4/C composites were prepared by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method followed by a mild calcination procedure, using FeCl3∙6H2O as Fe3O4 precursor, and glucose as reducing agent and carbon source simultaneously. The Fe3O4/C composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Fe3O4/C/GCE) was prepared by drop-casting method. The microstructure and morphology of Fe3O4/C composite was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Due to large specific surface area and synergistic effect from Fe3O4 nanoparticles and carbon coating, Fe3O4/C composite showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of Trp. As a result, the proposed Fe3O4/C/GCE displayed superior analytical performances toward Trp determination, with two wide detection ranges (1.0–80 μM and 80–800 μM) and a low detection limit (0.26 μM, S/N = 3). Moreover, successful detection of Trp in human serum samples further validate the practicability of the proposed sensor.

In-situ Formation of Co3O4 Nanocrystals Embedded in Laser-Induced Graphene Foam for High-Energy Flexible Micro-supercapacitor

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Ding ◽  
Ruilai Liu ◽  
Jiapeng Hu ◽  
Jingyun Zhao ◽  
Jinjin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Effective Synthesis ◽  
In Situ Formation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Power Densities

The cost-effective synthesis of flexible energy storage devices with high energy and power densities is a challenge in wearable electronics. Here, we report a facile, efficient, and scalable approach for...

A decision support method for internal truck employment

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 1378-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.X. Wang ◽  
Felix T.S. Chan ◽  
S.H. Chung ◽  
Ben Niu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Container Terminals ◽  
Storage Allocation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Truck Scheduling ◽  
Integration Problem ◽  
The Cost

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model that determines the strategy of owning and renting trucks in combinations with internal truck scheduling and storage allocation problems in container terminals. Design/methodology/approach – To deal with this complicated problem, a two-level heuristic approach is developed, in which the integration problem is decomposed into two levels. The first level determines the daily operations of the internal trucks, while the second level determines the truck employment strategy based on the calculation in the first level. Findings – The results show that: even if the using cost of owned yard trucks is much lower than the cost of rented yard tucks, terminal companies should not purchase too many trucks when the purchasing price is high. In addition, the empirical truck employment strategies, which are purchasing all the trucks or renting all the trucks, are not cost-effective when compared with the proposed yard truck employment strategy. Originality/value – The paper provides a novel insight for the internal truck employment strategy in container terminals which is the determination of the strategy of employing renting and outsourcing yard trucks to meet operational daily transportation requirements and minimize the long-term cost of employing yard trucks. A mathematical model is proposed to deal with the practical problem. Also, this study presents better solution than empirical method for employing different types of yard truck. Thus, in order to obtain more benefit, terminal companies should employ the proposed yard truck employment strategy.

Evaluation of relative density profiles of sand fill at a reclaimed site

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 903-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Fang Chang ◽  
Gu Yu ◽  
Yung-Mook Na ◽  
Victor Choa
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Density Profile ◽  
Cone Penetration Test ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Marine Sand

The determination of relative density is an important part of site characterization for reclaimed sand fill. In practice, a direct determination of the relative density profile is not always possible, and very often one has to resort to indirect methods using in situ tests, such as the cone penetration test. The usefulness of the indirect method is strongly affected by the validity of available correlations. This investigation compares relative density profiles of reclaimed sand fill created from a marine sand by two distinctively different placement methods at the Changi East reclamation site in Singapore as obtained using both the direct and indirect methods. For reclaimed fill, the relative density profile is found to be predominantly influenced by the method of sand placement, although the basic characteristics of the sand also have an effect. Existing correlations developed in calibration chamber tests for indirect evaluation of relative density from the cone resistance in silicate sand are found to provide a slight underestimate of the relative density in direct-dumped fill in Changi, mainly because of the high compressibility of the marine sand. On the other hand, inadequate consideration of overconsolidation and variation in particle size from the specific placement process have led to an overestimate of the relative density in hydraulically placed sand fill in Changi using similarly derived correlations.Key words: in situ density, relative density, sand, land reclamation, cone penetration test, sand placement.

In situ characterization of land reclaimed using big clay lumps

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthusamy Karthikeyan ◽  
Ganeswara Rao Dasari ◽  
Thiam-Soon Tan
Keyword(s):  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
In Situ Characterization ◽  
Ultimate State ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests

Dredging works in the sea and excavations in built-up areas produce large quantities of clay lumps in Singapore. The use of these clay lumps for land reclamation is an attractive proposition for solving the problem of finding dumping grounds for disposal and at the same time creating new land. When these big clay lumps are used for reclamation, however, the land will have large initial interlump voids. These large interlump voids may not close completely, even with surcharge, and may lead to excessive settlement when a structure is constructed on land reclaimed using this material. Two major engineering issues related to the use of clay lumps for reclamation are the size of interlump voids at the end of consolidation and the engineering properties of such ground. The need to know the ultimate state of the ground reclaimed using large clay lumps is critical to its acceptance as a viable fill material. To our knowledge, data on the ultimate state of such reclaimed lands are not available. An extensive site investigation was performed at a test site on the island of Punggol Timor in Singapore, which was reclaimed about 12 years ago using big dredged clay lumps. The thrust of the investigation is to evaluate the present state of the reclaimed land, with special emphasis on identifying the size of current interlump voids. The radioisotope cone penetration test was employed to measure the in situ density of the site. The site investigation also included high-quality soil sampling and laboratory testing to determine the present strength and deformation characteristics of the reclaimed land. The results indicate that the initially large interlump voids have been reduced to the size of intralump voids. However, the layer formed from clay lumps is heterogeneous and exhibits variable engineering properties. Key words: in situ characterization, land reclamation, radioisotope cone penetration tests, wet density, big clay lumps.

scholarly journals Cost-benefit of three different methods for studying Mediterranean rocky benthic assemblages

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natàlia Sant ◽  
Eglantine Chappuis ◽  
Conxi Rodríguez-Prieto ◽  
Montserrat Real ◽  
Enric Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Taxonomic Resolution ◽  
Benthic Assemblages ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reduced Light

Here we compare the applicability, the information provided and the cost-benefit of three sampling methods usually used in the study of rocky benthic assemblages. For comparative purposes, sampling was performed seasonally and along a depth gradient (0-50 m) in the Cabrera Archipelago (western Mediterranean). The destructive scraping (collection) method was the least cost-effective but provided the best qualitative and quantitative information. The in situ visual method was the most time-effective but provided low levels of taxonomic resolution and its accuracy decreased with depth due to the increasing difficulty of recognizing species in situ due to nitrogen narcosis, reduced light and cold. The photoquadrat method showed intermediate values of cost-effectiveness and information but was not suitable for multilayered assemblages, as it only accounted for the overstory. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that depth was highlighted as the main environmental gradient (16.0% of variance) by the three methods. However, differences due to the sampling method (7.9% of variance) were greater than differences due to temporal variability (5.8% of variance), suggesting that the three methods are valid but their selection has to be carefully assessed in relation to the targeted assemblages and the specific goals of each study.

Enhanced electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction through surface enrichment of platinum nanoclusters alloying with ruthenium in situ embedded in carbon

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1232-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Li ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Yuemin Wang ◽  
Junjie Ge ◽  
Changpeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alloy Nanoparticles ◽  
Surface Enrichment ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Pt Nanoclusters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Platinum Nanoclusters

PtRu alloy nanoparticles, surface-enriched with Pt nanoclusters and partially-embedded in carbon, act as the cost-effective and promising alternative to commercial Pt/C for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

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