Aulus Cornelius Celsus – a famous Roman encyclopedist

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
Jerzy Supady
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Times ◽  
Foreign Doctors

The ancient Romans did not work as physicians, but they used the services of foreign doctors, mostly Greeks. During the times of the Roman Empire there emerged a class of well-educated patricians, who possessed knowledge in various field. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the author of a voluminous work, was one of such patricians. Of the numerous volumes of his encyclopaedia only a fragment on medicine in extant. The piece which remains intact is a collection of medical knowledge of those times.

A Translation of Galen's Hygiene (de Sanitate Tuenda)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-112
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Short Biography ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
Medical Books

It is rather unusual to present a translation of one of the first medical books of classical antiquity to the medical public of today. The history of medicine is a fascinating field, and this book is a real "mine of information" of the medical knowledge at the times of the Roman Empire. "Hygiene' is an extensive term, and beliefs and habits of that time are described throughout the book. The introduction by Henry Sigerist and a short biography of Galen translated from Le Clerc's Histoire de la Médecine, give all necessary information for a good understanding of the book.

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Early Housing Units: History, Evolution, Economy and Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-78
Author(s):  
Rumana Khan Shirwani ◽  
Muhamad Kamran ◽  
Ayesha Mehmood Malik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Western World ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Agricultural Societies ◽  
The Times

Housing and its evolution constitutes an important study for all councils. This paper limns the encyclopaedic timeline of housing from the times of pre-urban dwellings of nomadic, semi-nomadic, and sedentary agricultural societies to the present day, while focusing on the chunks of a comprehensive architecture, history and anthropology. A detailed literature review made it evident that early urban dwellings were insular and extended around an internal patio. Lately, these housing forms lasted in the original metropolitan house arrangements in the Islamic world, China, India, Latin America, the Iberian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent like Indus valley civilization. After the fall of the Roman Empire, there was a drift towards peripheral house forms which engaged the early forms of urban settlement in the world today. The study also revealed that the Middle Age dwellings functioned as both residences and work places, yet with the passage of time the buildings became more functionalized, thus dividing dwellings and work places from each other. With the advent of the industrial revolution, there were remarkable variations in the suburban expansion of housing in the western world that became isolated along socioeconomic outlines and the housing types diverged with less populated, single-family communities at one extreme and densely populated, high rise, multi-family apartments at the other extreme. It is concluded that the side effects of the American transportation system have resulted into rigorous peripheral dwellings which includes ineffective use of land, air contamination and the city degeneration suggesting solutions based on a rich variety of historical examples.

scholarly journals Jan Chryzostom objaśnia "Hymn o miłości" [1Kor 13] (In I Epistolam ad Corinthios hom. 33-34)

Vox Patrum ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-315
Author(s):  
Jan Iluk
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
The Road ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
Christian Love ◽  
The Times ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Church

In 1CorHom, edited in the autumn and winter of 392 and 393 AD, John Chrysostom found a natural opportunity to return to his numerous utterances on the role of love in the lives of people. Obviously, the opportunity was the 13“ chapter of this Letter - The Song of Love. Among his works, we will find a few more smali works which were created with the intention of outlining the Christian ideał of love. Many of the contemporary monographs which were devoted to the ancient understanding of Christian „love” have the phrase „Eros and Agape” in their titles. In contemporary languages, this arrangement extends between sex and love. Both in the times of the Church Fathers (the 4th century AD) and currently, the distance between sex and love is measured by feelings, States and actions which are morę or less refined and noble. The awareness of the existence of many stops over this distance leads to the conviction that our lives are a search for the road to Agape. As many people are looking not so much for a shortcut but for a shorter route, John Chrysostom, like other Church Fathers, declared: the shortest route, because it is the most appropriate for this aim, is to live according to the Christian virtues that have been accumulated by the Christian politeia. There are to be found the fewest torments and disenchantments, although there are sacrifices. Evangelical politeia, the chosen and those who have been brought there will find love) - as a State of existence. In the earthly dimension, however, love appears as a causative force only in the circle of the Christian politeia. Obviously, just as in the heavenly politeia, the Christian politeia on earth is an open circle for everyone. As Chrysostom’s listeners and readers were not only Christians (in the multi-cultural East of the Roman Empire), and as the background of the principles presented in the homilies was the everyday life and customs of the Romans of the time, the ideał - dyam] - was placed by him in the context of diverse imperfections in the rangę and form of the feelings exhibited, which up to this day we still also cali love. It is true that love has morę than one name. By introducing the motif of love - into deliberations on the subject of the Christian politeia, John Chrysostom finds and indicates to the faithful the central force that shaped the ancient Church. This motif fills in the vision of the Heavenly Kingdom, explains to Christians the sense of life that is appropriate to them in the Roman community and explains the principles of organised life within the boundaries of the Church. It can come as no surprise that the result of such a narrative was Chrysostonfs conviction that love is „rationed”: Jews, pagans, Hellenes and heretics were deprived of it. In Chrysostonfs imagination, the Christian politeia has an earthly and a heavenly dimension. In the heavenly politeia, also called by him Chrisfs, the Lord’s or the

scholarly journals Fatal cranial injury in an individual from Messina (Sicily) during the times of the Roman Empire

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1018-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Dario Messina ◽  
Giuseppe Carotenuto ◽  
Roberto Miccichè ◽  
Luca Sìneo
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Times ◽  
Cranial Injury

Lord Cromer's ‘Ancient and Modern Imperialism’: A Proconsular View of Empire

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Near East ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Gertrude Bell ◽  
The Times ◽  
Classical Association ◽  
Regius Professor

In 1909, two years after his retirement as British Consul-General in Egypt, Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer — knighted in 1883, he was created Baron Cromer in 1892, viscount in 1899 and earl in 1901 — was invited to be the President of the Classical Association. It was a duty which he took very seriously and he prepared his Presidential address on “Ancient and Modern Imperialism” with immense care. In the course of this preparation he consulted many of the most distinguished scholars of the times, among them Gilbert Murray, then Professor of Greek at Oxford, J. B. Bury, then Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge, F. J. Haverfield, the Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford, Sir William Ramsay, the Regius Professor of Humanity at Aberdeen University, Edwyn R. Bevan, a Hellenistic scholar much interested in Indian questions, Gertrude Bell, an archaeologist and expert on the Near East and Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, one of the most famous journalists of his day and an authority on Russia. After he delivered the address in January 1910 Cromer entered into further correspondence with the Conservative leader, A. J. Balfour; John Buchan who, although he is probably best remembered today as a writer of adventure stories, had been Alfred Milner's private secretary in South Africa, 1901-03 and was subsequently to be Governor General of Canada, James Bryce, the author of the classic The Holy Roman Empire, a former cabinet minister and at this time British Ambassador in Washington; and Sir William Ridgeway, the President of the Royal Anthropological Institution.

Criminal Procedure in the Church Courts of the Fifteenth Century As Illustrated by the Trial of Gilles de Rais

1917 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 23-45
Author(s):  
Arthur Charles Howland
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Civil Case ◽  
Church Courts ◽  
Private Person ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Church

The inquisitorial procedure in the investigation of crimes, which developed in the Church in the thirteenth century, grew out of the criminal procedure of the later Roman Empire, modified by the special conditions of the times as well as by more primitive Germanic ideas. The older ecclesiastical procedure, the accusatory, likewise based on the Roman law, had left the entire initiative in prosecution to the private accuser, who presented himself in the character of a plaintiff, formulated the accusation, and produced the proofs exactly as he would have done in a civil case, except that he was compelled to accept the lex talionis—that is, in case he was unable to support his charges with a reasonable show of evidence, the accuser agreed to submit to the same punishment as would have been inflicted on the accused if the charges had been proved. The obvious objections to this procedure were that the church authorities had no means of prosecuting crime on their own initiative and that the dangers surrounding an unsuccessful accuser, together with the various conditions that had to be fulfilled before a private person could qualify as an accuser in any case, made adequate private prosecution impossible. The accusatory system, it is true, had been modified by the introduction of denunciation, where a denouncer takes the place of the accuser, with this difference, that he is not compelled to subscribe to the talio nor is he compelled to possess all the qualifications of a legal accuser. This tended to encourage private prosecution of crimes, but the advantage was more than balanced by the privilege enjoyed by the accused of clearing himself of the charges by purgation, either the oath or the ordeal.

ORIENTALISM REVERSED: RUSSIAN LITERATURE IN THE TIMES OF EMPIRES

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER ETKIND
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Feminist Movements

Susan Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, paperback version 2005; first edition 1994)Harsha Ram, The Imperial Sublime: A Russian Poetics of Empire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003)In the last decades of the Russian Empire, Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire made for favorite reading among the intelligentsia. Today imperial themes have become increasingly important in American academia; historians and literary scholars who study Russia are no exception. The two studies under review explore the spirit and the letter of the Russian Empire in the moment of boom and glory preceding its collapse. Published in 1994, Susan Layton's Russian Literature and Empire was the pioneering study of the subject. Published in 2003, Harsha Ram's The Imperial Sublime is so different from Layton's book that the differences, rooted in the American rather than the Russian imperial experience, deserve reflection in their own right. While Layton looked at the world through the emancipatory optic of postcolonialist and feminist movements, Ram manifests a different kind of sensibility, one which is alert to the scale and beauty of the victorious power. In a sad but understandable way, Susan Layton's ethical concerns give way to Harsha Ram's aesthetic ones.

scholarly journals On the Question Legal and Cultural Interaction Between the Sasanian Iran and the Eastern Roman Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Viktor Miroslavovich Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Spatial Understanding ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Roman Provinces ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of the article is to prove the presence of a deep (archaic) ideological foundation in the Roman-Persian political and legal complementarity of the times of late antiquity. Methods. The author uses the «panoramic approach», сomparative analysis of primary historical sources and the structural-functional method. Results. The author’s attention is devoted to the antique community in the legal content of imperial titles, the correlation of temporary and spatial understanding of the power of the Roman emperors and the power of the Persian Šâhanšâh’s. The main author’s thesis: 1) the provision on the Hellenization of Persia during the time of Khosrow Anushirvan; 2) the thesis on the principle of extraterritoriality of imperial power, formulated by the Romans in the era of dominatus and transfered from the Eastern Roman Empire into the Sassanian Eranshahr; 3) the author’s definition of the imperial form of government, based on the principle of «over-sovereignty» common to Iran and Byzantium. Discussion. Firstly, the spaces of Eranshahr and the Roman Empire were considered by ancient intellectuals as the «common heritage» of the Hellenistic Asian kingdom of Alexander the Great. Secondly, the roots and semantic content of the titles of the higher sovereigns of Persia and Rome (emperors) had common cultural and political origins and military-administrative premises. Thirdly, if at the initial stage of the interaction between the Persians and the Romans there was a strong influence of Persia on the everyday life of the population of the East Roman provinces, then in the 6th century the East Roman ethnocultural pattern «Christian Oecumene» became decisive in the Sassanian Mesopotamia.

scholarly journals ‘Unfortunate creatures’: The hazards of syphilis in wet-nursing

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-56
Author(s):  
Tomasz Sioda ◽  
Virginia Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Times ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Medical Involvement ◽  
Wet Nurse

While the selection criteria for wet-nurses had little changed across two millennia, other aspects of their occupation were far from homogenous, changing under the diverse infl uences of culture, current threats to the health of wet-nurses and the babies they fed, contemporaneous medical knowledge and healthcare. Fears of the transmission of the prevailing infectious diseases of the times led to medical involvement at all levels, from selection and inspection of applicants for wet-nurse positions to treatment of illnesses that arose in the child. The article discusses the implications of syphilis, the most serious disease transmissible through wet-nursing before the discovery of antibiotics, and the preventive measures and treatment used by the physicians across fi ve centuries, according to the knowledge of the time. The period covered extends into the early-twentieth century.

scholarly journals Istria in the context of political and religious events in Northern Adriatic from the late fourth until the late sixth century

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Marina Zgrablić
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
New City ◽  
The Times ◽  
Migratory Movements

Owing to its geographical location, Istria was not directly exposed to the devasta- tion in the fourth and fifth centuries, when it avoided both the civil wars and the migratory movements accompanied by invasions of wandering barbarian tribes. After the victory of Christianity, newly created city elites, with the bishop at the helm, had, since the early fifth century, managed the construction activities in cities, primarily relating to monumental projects, which altered the physical appearance of the cityscape. Local peculiarities are often considered as one of the most import- ant factors both for the process of change and for the endurance of the preexist- ing values in political and religious life. Recent studies, however, suggest that the transformation of post-Roman cities was not exclusively a consequence of intense Christianization. The emergence of the new city elite was the result of a conscious effort by the representatives of state authorities. This phenomenon is noticeable as early as the Late Roman Empire and persisted during the times of the barbar- ian states of Odoacer and Theoderic. In Istria it is most evident during Byzantine reign when the intertwining of political and religious spheres is the clearly visible in post-classical urban centres. This phenomenon can be detected thanks to a greater number of written and material sources. The events that took place in the aftermath of the Byzantine-Gothic war and Justinianʼs reconquest of the former Arian regions between 535 and 555 were an intentional reaction of the Byzantine political and religious power centres. Their primary objective was the cleansing of the vestiges of the Arian heresy, followed by the construction of new Christian edifices. The spon- sors of these building projects were Justinian himself, then bishops, state officials and members of the aristocracy. Justinianʼs conquest of the territories of the Ostro- gothic Kingdom between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea – including Istria – caused not only social-political, but also religious-political changes. The transformation of Ravenna into a political power centre during the reign of Theoderic also marks a turning point for the historical development of Istria, although one should consider the situation on the peninsula before the onset of Byzantine rule, as well.

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