scholarly journals ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COSTS IN POLISH DAIRY COOPERATIVES

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (2) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Sławomir Juszczyk ◽  
Rafał Balłina ◽  
Juliusz Juszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
Dairy Cooperatives ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Protection Costs

The paper presents problems related to the costs incurred for environmental protection in Polish dairy cooperatives. It was found, inter alia, that the costs of environmental protection in this industry sector are high and are rising rapidly. The costs of sewage disposal and treatment are of key importance as they represent the largest share in the total costs of environmental protection, i.e. nearly 95%. In 2018, they amounted to approximately PLN 1.5 million per cooperative, which was almost three times more than in 2004. Other environmental protection costs account for approximately 5% of total environmental protection costs. So, the key to environmental success in dairy cooperatives is rational wastewater management. Therefore, it is advisable for managers to consider building their own wastewater treatment plants with sizes and parameters appropriate to the scale of milk processing and the number of finished product ranges produced. The study also found that the costs of training employees and farmers on environmental protection are low, which may suggest the desirability of increasing them according to real needs, so as to ensure an appropriate level of understanding and persuasion of farmers -shareholders for further investments related to environmental protection. It was also found that the scale of milk processing and the number of manufactured assortments strongly affect the total costs of environmental protection of dairy cooperatives in Poland. Legal requirements regarding environmental protection are so restrictive and economically effective that their omission may lead to increasing financial, management, technological and legal difficulties. Therefore, the compliance of dairy cooperatives with legal environmental requirements is a must, which should generally be assessed positively.

scholarly journals Assessment of wastewater management in Mekong river delta region

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Dang Thi Thanh Huyen ◽  
Trinh Dinh Lai
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Mekong River Delta ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Treatment Demand

Mekong River Delta is an important delta of Vietnam, which is located at the downstream of Mekong River. With the high urbanization and industrialization, this region has been facing more intense environmental threats. This study was conducted to assess the current wastewater management in the region. Initial survey results revealed that there was only 8 wastewater treatment plants, meeting requirement of 6.9% of treatment demand, and the sewer coverage was 69%. The low environmental protection fees can not help cover the operation cost of sewerage system and wastewater treatment plants. Sludge treatment has been neglected. Therefore, more proactive in improving the wastewater sector and protecting their environment should be implemented from local authorities for the sustainable development in the future in the region. Keywords: wastewater management; Mekong river delta; environmental protection.

Integrating Environmental Requirements into Vietnamese Sectoral Laws – Roles and Recommendations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mai Thanh Dung ◽  
Nguyen Minh Khoa ◽  
Phan Thi Thu Huong
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Environmental Considerations

The need for sustainable development underscores the role and importance of integrating environmental concerns in non-environmental policies because it is evident that environmental regulations only are insufficient to manage all environmental issues. Law enforcement on environmental protection in Vietnam clearly demonstrates this situation. Vietnam’s legal system of environmental protection is incompatible or overlapped with other sectoral laws and in fact many environmental matters have been implemented in accordance with sectoral laws while disregarding environmental considerations due to the lack of specific and explicit environmental provisions or requirements in sectoral laws and regulations. From that situation, the paper emphasizes the need to integrate environmental protection requirements into the sectoral laws of Vietnam and proposes some fundamental criteria and procedures to integrate environmental requirements into sectoral laws.

scholarly journals Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Karczmarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

Abstract Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland. Improperly maintained holding tanks are often underestimated source of contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water. As a rule, wastewater stored in holding tanks, should be transported and treated in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). There are 2,257,000 holding tanks in Poland, located mainly in rural areas. The article presents the results of analysis of wastewater management in 20 rural and urban-rural communes, which were chosen at random from the total number of 2,174 communes in Poland. The only criterion of commune selection was total or partial lack of sewerage system. Analysis of the collected data showed that on average only 27% of liquid waste from holding tanks ended at the WWTPs. The median is even lower and amounts to 17.5%. More than 4,000 Mg of P and 26,000 Mg of N is dispersed in the environment in uncontrolled manner. Those diffuse point sources of pollution may be one of the reasons in the difficulty of achieving of good ecological status of rivers and affect the quality of the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Use of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela CIUPEANU CĂLUGĂRU
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Biological Sludge ◽  
The Law ◽  
High Degree

For turning to a high degree of favorability of sludge from wastewater treatment plants, currently the reintroduction in the natural circuit of this waste is an urgent priority. Knowing precisely the composition of chemical and biological sludge from waste water in accordance with the law and the rules of their application, along with modern wastewater treatment appropriate technologies play a key role on environmental protection. Involvement by precise rules, the content of heavy metals in relation to the maximum permitted by law, translate in to particularly advantageous results in terms of environmental quality.

Clustering of towns and villages for centralized wastewater treatment

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassaan A. Abd El Gawad ◽  
J. H. C. Butter
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Number Of Treatment

In 1993 the Governorate of Fayoum completed its master plan for wastewater management. The master plan presents a staged implementation schedule for the development of wastewater facilities for the Governorate, covering needs up to the year 2020. The targets are ambitious: in order to meet sanitary health standards, nearly two million people (or 60% of the total population) living in 70 towns and villages would need to be served with sewerage systems. Providing all these areas with separate wastewater treatment plants would be impractical. The centralization of treatment at a limited number of treatment plants for clusters of towns and villages has advantages in terms of manageability, cost and environmental protection. In the master plan the configuration of these clusters is presented. For that purpose a stepped approach has been developed: an approach in which aspects such as construction and operation costs of the facilities, existing infrastructure, the geography of the governorate, environmental impact, alternative treatment technologies and phasing of implementation have been considered. An important element of the stepped approach is an analytical model with which - from financial point of view - the optimum size of a cluster can be estimated. Variables of the model are sizes of towns and villages, distances and treatment technologies. The output of the model is a set of general design criteria which has been applied to the specific situation in the governorate. The model has contributed to the establishment of the Master Plan for Wastewater: a plan now used by the Fayoum Sanitation Department as a framework to initiate new projects and to direct the activities of other agencies working in the sanitation sector in the governorate.

scholarly journals Cost of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Ecotaxes: Evidence from Municipalities in Southern Europe

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarnación Moral Pajares ◽  
Leticia Gallego Valero ◽  
Isabel Román Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

The principle of cost recovery established by the Water Framework Directive underlines the need for tax rates, which can raise enough revenue to finance the cost of treatments applied to wastewater. The objective of this research is to gain an understanding the different types of charges related to urban wastewater treatment that can be levied by the authorities responsible for this service. This paper also aims to determine whether these taxes contribute to guaranteeing the economic feasibility of the wastewater treatment plants. The proposed methodological approach is applied to 18 municipalities of a province in southern Europe in 2017. The results confirm that in most of these cases, the taxes levied do not guarantee adequate tax revenues to cover the running, maintenance and investment costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants. This situation leads to a lack of financial self-sufficiency in the wastewater management service, meaning that the imbalance between income and expenditure has to be covered by government subsidies. The results of this study will help guide authorities around the world that are in charge of managing urban wastewater treatment services.

scholarly journals Pelatihan Untuk Pengajuan Pembiayaan Mudharabah Perbankan Syariah Sebagai Peningkatan Kinerja UMKM

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rizal ◽  
Arini Fitria Mustapita ◽  
Arista Fauzi Kartika Sari
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Service Activities ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Tutorial Systems ◽  
A Company

Financial management is one of the main aspects for the progress of a company. Accounting is a process or way of producing financial information that can be used to make a decision for its users. Implementation methods of Community Service activities is carried out using presentation methods, tutorial systems, and mentoring. The results of the training and mentoring activities for making Islamic banking mudharabah financing proposal aimed at residents of Malang City Kasin Village who are also perpetrators or owners of MSMEs, have been evaluated based on the response and the results of the practices carried out by the participants and assistance for 3 days. This evaluation of community service activities was carried out through a questionnaire and the results of feedback on questions in the questionnaire relating to training and mentoring materials for making bank credit proposal and the enthusiasm of the participants in each question and answer session. The level of understanding of the participants in understanding the material that has been delivered is grouped on a scale of 71% -80.99%, then the community service activities are declared "quite good" and there are 3 mudharabah financing proposals available from the results of mentoring activities

scholarly journals Wyposażenie obszarów wiejskich w systemy odprowadzania ścieków na przykładzie gmin powiatu olsztyńskiego

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Mirosława Witkowska-Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
The Town

The purpose of the study was to evaluate, in a local approach, the state of supply of rural areas in a rural district with household wastewater management systems, with the focus on home wastewater treatment plants. The study covered the rural areas of the district of Olsztyn. The data, which were acquired from the Bank of Local Data, were processed through basic mathematical transformations and statistical measures. The structure and intensity indices were calculated per 1,000 residents. Large differences were found in the access to linear infrastructure and to individual systems of wastewater discharge. The results showed a constant increase in the number of home wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks due to the constant influx of people to villages lying around the town of Olsztyn. In contrast to studies conducted on a regional scale, no decrease in the number of septic tanks was observed correlated with the growing number of home wastewater treatment plants. A possible reason can be the specific environmental conditions and protection of inland waters, which limit possible locations of home wastewater treatment plants.

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