The effects of landed and aquatic treadmill walking at moderate intensity on heart rate, energy expenditure and catecholamine

This study compared the cardiovascular responses and energy costs of new and traditional screen based entertainments, as played by twenty 9- to 12-year-old children. Playing traditional electronic games resulted in little change to heart rate or energy expenditure compared with watching a DVD. In contrast, playing an active-input game resulted in a 59% increase in heart rate (p < .001) and a 224% increase in energy expenditure (p < .001) for boys and girls. The average heart rate of 130 bpm and energy expenditure of 0.13 kcal · min−1 · kg−1 achieved during active-input game use equates with moderate intensity activities such as basketball and jogging. Active-input electronic games might provide children with opportunities to engage with technology and be physically active at the same time.

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Accuracy of Apple Watch Measurements for Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.11889 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maarten Falter ◽

Werner Budts ◽

Kaatje Goetschalckx ◽

Véronique Cornelissen ◽

Roselien Buys

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Percentage Error ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Cross Sectional

BACKGROUND Wrist-worn tracking devices such as the Apple Watch are becoming more integrated in health care. However, validation studies of these consumer devices remain scarce. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess if mobile health technology can be used for monitoring home-based exercise in future cardiac rehabilitation programs. The purpose was to determine the accuracy of the Apple Watch in measuring heart rate (HR) and estimating energy expenditure (EE) during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS Forty patients (mean age 61.9 [SD 15.2] yrs, 80% male) with cardiovascular disease (70% ischemic, 22.5% valvular, 7.5% other) completed a graded maximal CPET on a cycle ergometer while wearing an Apple Watch. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was used to measure HR; indirect calorimetry was used for EE. HR was analyzed at three levels of intensity (seated rest, HR1; moderate intensity, HR2; maximal performance, HR3) for 30 seconds. The EE of the entire test was used. Bias or mean difference (MD), standard deviation of difference (SDD), limits of agreement (LoA), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Bland-Altman plots and scatterplots were constructed. RESULTS SDD for HR1, HR2, and HR3 was 12.4, 16.2, and 12.0 bpm, respectively. Bias and LoA (lower, upper LoA) were 3.61 (–20.74, 27.96) for HR1, 0.91 (–30.82, 32.63) for HR2, and –1.82 (–25.27, 21.63) for HR3. MAE was 6.34 for HR1, 7.55 for HR2, and 6.90 for HR3. MAPE was 10.69% for HR1, 9.20% for HR2, and 6.33% for HR3. ICC was 0.729 (P<.001) for HR1, 0.828 (P<.001) for HR2, and 0.958 (P<.001) for HR3. Bland-Altman plots and scatterplots showed good correlation without systematic error when comparing Apple Watch with ECG measurements. SDD for EE was 17.5 kcal. Bias and LoA were 30.47 (–3.80, 64.74). MAE was 30.77; MAPE was 114.72%. ICC for EE was 0.797 (P<.001). The Bland-Altman plot and a scatterplot directly comparing Apple Watch and indirect calorimetry showed systematic bias with an overestimation of EE by the Apple Watch. CONCLUSIONS In patients with cardiovascular disease, the Apple Watch measures HR with clinically acceptable accuracy during exercise. If confirmed, it might be considered safe to incorporate the Apple Watch in HR-guided training programs in the setting of cardiac rehabilitation. At this moment, however, it is too early to recommend the Apple Watch for cardiac rehabilitation. Also, the Apple Watch systematically overestimates EE in this group of patients. Caution might therefore be warranted when using the Apple Watch for measuring EE.

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Energy expenditure, recovery oxygen consumption, and substrate oxidation during and after body weight resistance exercise with slow movement compared to treadmill walking

Physiology International ◽

10.1556/2060.105.2018.4.27 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 371-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T Nakagata ◽

Y Yamada ◽

H Naito

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Time Course ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Slow Movement ◽

Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Equivalents ◽

Course Changes

The benefit of body weight resistance exercise with slow movement (BWRE-slow) for muscle function is well-documented, but not for energy metabolism. We aimed to examine physiological responses [e.g., energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (La)] during and after BWRE-slow compared to EE-matched treadmill walking (TW). Eight healthy young men (23.4 ± 1.8 years old, 171.2 ± 6.2 cm, 63.0 ± 4.8 kg) performed squat, push-up, lunge, heel-raise, hip-lift, and crunch exercises with BWRE-slow modality. Both the concentric and eccentric phases were set to 3 s. A total of three sets (10 repetitions) with 30 s rest between sets were performed for each exercise (26.5 min). On another day, subjects walked on a treadmill for 26.5 min during which EE during exercise was matched to that of BWRE-slow with the researcher controlling the treadmill speed manually. The time course changes of EE and RER were measured. The EE during exercise for BWRE-slow (92.6 ± 16.0 kcal for 26.5 min) was not significantly different from the EE during exercise for TW (95.5 ± 14.1 kcal, p = 0.36). BWRE-slow elicited greater recovery EE (40.55 ± 3.88 kcal for 30 min) than TW (37.61 ± 3.19 kcal, p = 0.029). RER was significantly higher in BWRE-slow during and 0–5 min after exercise, but became significantly lower during 25–30 min after exercise, suggesting greater lipid oxidation was induced about 30 min after exercise in BWRE-slow compared to TW. We also indicated that BWRE-slow has 3.1 metabolic equivalents in average, which is categorized as moderate-intensity physical activity.

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Heart Rate Responses and Exercise Intensity During A Prolonged 4-Hour Individual Cycling Race among Japanese Recreational Cyclists

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7050109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Takashi Nakagata ◽

Shinichiro Murade ◽

Shizuo Katamoto ◽

Hisashi Naito

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Professional Cyclist ◽

Endurance Cycling ◽

Vigorous Intensity

Heart rate (HR) during different endurance cycling races and events are investigated for professional cyclist, however, enduro races to compete for total laps and distance covered within a fixed time using a circuit course has not yet been investigated. This study examined the heart rate (HR) and exercise intensity during an enduro cycling race. Ten male Japanese amateur cyclists performed cycling individually for at least 2 consecutive hours. HR was measured using an HR monitor during the race, and we estimated the energy expenditure (EE) during the race using the HR–VO2 relationship in advance. Exercise intensities were defined as percentages of HRmax based on ACSM exercise guideline as follows: moderate intensity, 64–76% HRmax; vigorous intensity, 77–95% HRmax. The HR during the race was 158.9 ± 10.6 bpm (86.4 ± 2.2% HRmax), and exercise intensity is categorized as vigorous intensity. The EE during the race using HR–VO2 relationship were 12.9 ± 1.2 kcal/kg/hr, which would require a large energy expenditure (EE) during the race. However, energy cost was 0.36 ± 0.04 kcal/kg/km regardless of total distance. The findings indicate that enduro cycling racing is categorized as vigorous intensity (>77% HRmax) for healthy male recreational cyclists though, cycling is an efficient form of transportation.

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Physiological comparison of three types of ergometry

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1960.15.6.1007 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1007-1014 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

A. C. Bobbert

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Work Load ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Energy Expenditures

A physiological comparison of cycling, cranking and walking has been made, using in all experiments the same subjects and methods. In cycling and cranking energy expenditure increases with work load in a rectilinear way, the energy expenditures being always higher in cranking. In treadmill walking energy expenditure per kilogram of body weight rises curvilinearly both with increasing speed and grade. In cycling, cranking and walking there are nearly the same relations between heart rate and metabolism. Ventilation in cranking always exceeds that in walking and cycling at the same level of oxygen consumption. The curve of ventilation versus oxygen consumption shows a steeper rise in cranking. In level and grade walking ventilation increases curvilinearly with oxygen consumption. Submitted on September 17, 1959

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Step Counts and Energy Expenditure as Estimated by Pedometry During Treadmill Walking at Different Stride Frequencies

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.8.7.1004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 1004-1013 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rishann Nielson ◽

Pat R. Vehrs ◽

Gilbert W. Fellingham ◽

Ronald Hager ◽

Keven A. Prusak

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Time Step ◽

Step Counts ◽

Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Physical Activity Recommendations ◽

The Relationship

Background:The purposes of this study were to determine the accuracy and reliability of step counts and energy expenditure as estimated by a pedometer during treadmill walking and to clarify the relationship between step counts and current physical activity recommendations.Methods:One hundred males (n = 50) and females (n = 50) walked at stride frequencies (SF) of 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 steps/min, during which time step counts and energy expenditure were estimated with a Walk4Life Elite pedometer.Results:The pedometer accurately measured step counts at SFs of 100, 110, and 120 steps/min, but not 80 and 90 steps/min. Compared with energy expenditure as measured by a metabolic cart, the pedometer significantly underestimated energy expenditure at 80 steps/min and significantly overestimated measured energy expenditure at 90, 100, 110, and 120 steps/ min.Conclusions:The pedometers’ inability to accurately estimate energy expenditure cannot be attributed to stride length entered into the pedometer or its ability to measure step counts. Males met 3 criteria and females met 2 criteria for moderate-intensity physical activity at SF of 110 to 120 steps/min. These results provide the basis for defining moderate-intensity physical activity based on energy expenditure and step counts and may lead to an appropriate steps/day recommendation.

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Energy Expenditure in Vinyasa Yoga Versus Walking

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2016-0548 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 597-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sally A. Sherman ◽

Renee J. Rogers ◽

Kelliann K. Davis ◽

Ryan L. Minster ◽

Seth A. Creasy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Equivalents ◽

Intensity Physical Activity

Background:Whether the energy cost of vinyasa yoga meets the criteria for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has not been established.Purpose:To compare energy expenditure during acute bouts of vinyasa yoga and 2 walking protocols.Methods:Participants (20 males, 18 females) performed 60-minute sessions of vinyasa yoga (YOGA), treadmill walking at a self-selected brisk pace (SELF), and treadmill walking at a pace that matched the heart rate of the YOGA session (HR-Match). Energy expenditure was assessed via indirect calorimetry.Results:Energy expenditure was significantly lower in YOGA compared with HR-Match (difference = 79.5 ± 44.3 kcal; P < .001) and SELF (difference = 51.7 ± 62.6 kcal; P < .001), but not in SELF compared with HR-Match (difference = 27.8 ± 72.6 kcal; P = .054). A similar pattern was observed for metabolic equivalents (HR-Match = 4.7 ± 0.8, SELF = 4.4 ± 0.7, YOGA = 3.6 ± 0.6; P < .001). Analyses using only the initial 45 minutes from each of the sessions, which excluded the restorative component of YOGA, showed energy expenditure was significantly lower in YOGA compared with HR-Match (difference = 68.0 ± 40.1 kcal; P < .001) but not compared with SELF (difference = 15.1 ± 48.7 kcal; P = .189).Conclusions:YOGA meets the criteria for moderate-intensity physical activity. Thus, YOGA may be a viable form of physical activity to achieve public health guidelines and to elicit health benefits.

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Aquatic-Treadmill Walking: Quantifying Drag Force and Energy Expenditure

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2012.tr5 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eadric Bressel ◽

Gerald Smith ◽

Andrew Miller ◽

Dennis Dolny

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Drag Force ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Force Transducer ◽

Water Jet ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Drag Forces ◽

Jet Velocities ◽

Aquatic Treadmill

Context: Quantification of the magnitudes of fluid resistance provided by water jets (currents) and their effect on energy expenditure during aquatic-treadmill walking is lacking in the scientific literature. Objective: To quantify the effect of water-jet intensity on jet velocity, drag force, and oxygen uptake (VO2) during aquatic-treadmill walking. Design: Descriptive and repeated measures. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants, Interventions, and Measures: Water-jet velocities were measured using an electromagnetic flow meter at 9 different jet intensities (0-80% maximum). Drag forces on 3 healthy subjects with a range of frontal areas (600, 880, and 1250 cm2) were measured at each jet intensity with a force transducer and line attached to the subject, who was suspended in water. Five healthy participants (age 37.2 ± 11.3 y, weight 611 ± 96 N) subsequently walked (~1.03 m/s or 2.3 miles/h) on an aquatic treadmill at the 9 different jet intensities while expired gases were collected to estimate VO2. Results: For the range of jet intensities, water-jet velocities and drag forces were 0-1.2 m/s and 0-47 N, respectively. VO2 increased nonlinearly, with values ranging from 11.4 ± 1.0 to 22.2 ± 3.8 mL × kg-1 × min-1 for 0-80% of jet maximum, respectively. Conclusions: This study presented methodology for quantifying water-jet flow velocities and drag forces in an aquatic-treadmill environment and examined how different jet intensities influenced VO2 during walking. Quantification of these variables provides a fundamental understanding of aquatic-jet use and its effect on VO2. In practice, these results indicate that VO2 may be substantially increased on an aquatic treadmill while maintaining a relatively slow walking speed.

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Real World, Real People: Can We Assess Walking on a Treadmill to Establish Step Count Recommendations in Adolescents?

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2018-0213 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 488-494

Author(s):

Mhairi J. MacDonald ◽

Samantha G. Fawkner ◽

Ailsa G. Niven ◽

David Rowe

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Step Count ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Overground Walking ◽

Metabolic Equivalent ◽

Fast Walking ◽

Walking Activity

Background: Currently, it is not known how much walking should be advocated for good health in an adolescent population. Step count recommendations for minimum time in moderate-intensity activity have been translated predominantly from treadmill walking. Purpose: To compare the energy cost of walking on a treadmill with overground walking in adolescent girls. Methods: A total of 26 adolescent girls undertook resting metabolic measurements for individual determination of 1 metabolic equivalent using indirect calorimetry. Energy expenditure was subsequently assessed during treadmill and overground walking at slow, moderate, and fast walking speeds for 4 to 6 minutes. Treadmill step rates were matched overground using a metronome. Results: The energy cost of treadmill walking was found to be significantly greater than and not equivalent to overground walking at 133 steps per minute; (equivalent to the fast walking pace): 3.90 (2.78–5.01), P < .001, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 18.18%, and metabolic equivalent 0.77 (0.54–1.00), P < .001, MAPE = 18.16%. The oxygen cost per step ( mL·step−1) was significantly greater and not equivalent on the treadmill at 120 and 133 steps per minute: 0.43 (0.12–0.56), P < .05, MAPE = 10.12% versus 1.40 (1.01–1.76), P < .001, MAPE = 17.64%, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a difference in energy cost per step of walking on a treadmill and overground at the same step rate. This should be considered when utilizing the treadmill in energy expenditure studies. Studies which aim to provide step recommendations should focus on overground walking where most walking activity is adopted.

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