Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Ness
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
French Culture ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Impact

This chapter concludes Setting the Table and summarizes the argument that individuals on both sides of the Atlantic were participating in developing a Spanish-Atlantic identity that amalgamated Spanish heritage with new ideas and goods from other parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. It emphasizes that Spain and Spanish America were closely connected as late as the eighteenth century and that Spanish Americans continued to look to Spain as a model for fashion and culture. The chapter argues that data from the St. Augustine sites suggest that traditional interpretations of status and displays of Spanish identity need to be reevaluated in light of changing fashions in eighteenth-century Spain and the similarities between eighteenth-century Spanish and Spanish-American sites. It also contends that the transition away from traditional stews and the possible adoption of French culinary techniques by middle class Spaniards and elite Spanish Americans calls into question previous hypotheses regarding the impact of French culture on Spanish society after the advent of the Bourbon dynasty in 1700. Lastly, it considers other directions and ways in which this study could benefit those studying other parts of the Spanish empire.

Setting the Table

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Ness
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
Spanish Florida ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
La Florida

Setting the Table: Ceramics, Dining, and Cultural Exchange in Andalucía and La Florida explores issues of cultural exchange and identity among eighteenth-century Spaniards and Spanish Americans via the archaeological remains and documentary evidence form Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, and St. Augustine, Florida. These lines of evidence indicate that there were substantial and similar changes to dining practices on both sides of the Atlantic almost simultaneously. As a result, this book takes the stance that early modern individuals from Spain and Spanish America were developing and expressing a distinct Spanish-Atlantic identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly Spanish-American but rather combined new ideas and goods from an increasingly global network while also maintaining some Spanish traditions. Although archaeologists have researched Spanish colonial sites in Florida and the Caribbean for decades, only two projects have adopted a trans-Atlantic perspective, and this work is the first to use this approach with eighteenth-century sites. Additionally, it is the first book to conduct a detailed study of Spanish ceramic vessel forms and their possible uses and meanings for the users. As a result, this project sheds new light on the Spanish Atlantic and calls into question several existing interpretations of life in Spanish Florida as well as foodways in both St. Augustine and Spain.

War, Gender, and Society in Late Colonial and Revolutionary Spanish America

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-135
Author(s):  
Catherine Davies
Keyword(s):  
Spanish America ◽  
South American ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
New Granada ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender And Society ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Military conflicts and wars shaped Spanish America in the transformative period from the 1780s to the 1830s with its first anticolonial uprisings and the Spanish American Wars of Independence. This chapter explores the impact of warfare and militarization on the social and gender order in the Spanish Atlantic Empire in this transformative period and examines, conversely, how ideas about the gender order shaped society, warfare, and military culture. It focuses on the first anticolonial uprisings, especially the Tupac Amaru Rebellion in the South American Andes and the Rebellion of the Comuneros in New Granada—two of the largest and earliest in the history of Latin America—and the Spanish American Wars of Independence and their aftermath.

To Sin No More

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rex Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
Franciscan Order

For 300 years, Franciscans were at the forefront of the spread of Catholicism in the New World. In the late seventeenth century, Franciscans developed a far-reaching, systematic missionary program in Spain and the Americas. After founding the first college of propaganda fide in the Mexican city of Querétaro, the Franciscan Order established six additional colleges in New Spain, ten in South America, and twelve in Spain. From these colleges Franciscans proselytized Native Americans in frontier territories as well as Catholics in rural and urban areas in eighteenth-century Spain and Spanish America. This is the first book to study these colleges, their missionaries, and their multifaceted, sweeping missionary programs. By focusing on the recruitment of non-Catholics to Catholicism as well as the deepening of religious fervor among Catholics, the book shows how the Franciscan colleges expanded and shaped popular Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic world. This book explores the motivations driving Franciscan friars, their lives inside the colleges, their training, and their ministry among Catholics, an often-overlooked duty that paralleled missionary deployments. It argues that Franciscan missionaries aimed to reform or “reawaken” Catholic parishioners just as much as they sought to convert non-Christian Native Americans.

Good Shepherd, Bumpkin Shepherd

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
K. Meira Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
National Symbol ◽  
Dramatic Narrative

In Christmas pageants staged throughout the Spanish Empire, the pastor bobo (foolish shepherd) asked rude and impertinent questions, making Christian doctrine comprehensible to the humblest audiences. The bobo’s comic confusion—Will he or won’t he see the light of Christ?—was danced with obscene gambols and cacophonous footwork, manifesting the perilous invisible stain of impure blood. Yet these sharp-tongued dramatizations of redemption simultaneously undermined the determinative dogma of blood purity which governed Spanish society. Aristocrats thus asserted their status, enacting the post-epiphany bobo by refining transgressive gambols into virtuosic caprioles. Ironically, eighteenth-century Spaniards adopted the imaginary Gitano—an outlaw Other which inherits the bobo’s dramatic narrative of redemption—as a national symbol. Spain’s identification with this figure, often described euphemistically as a proto-romantic “orientalization,” is in fact a racialized downgrade. With the advent of the fandango, Spain, reduced to performing itself for tourists, came to dance Blackness for Europe.

scholarly journals World Trade in Medicinal Plants from Spanish America, 1717–1815

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Gänger
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Materia Medica ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article outlines the history of the commerce in medicinal plants and plant-based remedies from the Spanish American territories in the eighteenth century. It maps the routes used to transport the plants from Spanish America to Europe and, along the arteries of European commerce, colonialism and proselytism, into societies across the Americas, Asia and Africa. Inquiring into the causes of the global ‘spread’ of American remedies, it argues that medicinal plants like ipecacuanha, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, jalap root and cinchona moved with relative ease into Parisian medicine chests, Moroccan court pharmacies and Manila dispensaries alike, because of their ‘exotic’ charisma, the force of centuries-old medical habits, and the increasingly measurable effectiveness of many of these plants by the late eighteenth century. Ultimately and primarily, however, it was because the disease environments of these widely separated places, their medical systems and materia medica had long become entangled by the eighteenth century.

An Atlantic Institution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rex Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
Strong Commitment ◽  
Franciscan Order

This chapter discusses the historical context under which the Franciscan colleges developed and evolved in a time when secular forces had halted mendicant expansion in Spain and its empire, with emphasis on their internal organization and how they fit within the broader hierarchical structure of the Franciscan Order. It first provides an overview of the Franciscan plan to convert the Spanish Atlantic world before explaining how the colleges are governed and how the apostolic brotherhood is regulated. It then examines how the eighteenth-century colleges emerged as a new missionary vanguard to lead the Franciscan evangelism in Spain and Spanish America. Their strong commitment to conversion (internal and external) and soteriological responsibility, combined with certain innovations brought to the Franciscans, enabled the propaganda fide institution to grow in rapid fashion. The chapter also highlights the conflict with provincias and rivalries both internal and external to the propaganda fide communities.

Introduction: Enlightenment and Empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Allan I. Macinnes ◽  
Jean-François Dunyach
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Impact

The Enlightenment is here located in the global transmission of goods, people and ideas. The Scottish participation in Empires is explored through four distinctive themes. The first scrutinises how Whig and Jacobite perspectives on Enlightenment affected Scottish engagement with the British and other Empires. The second relates to the impact of Enlightenment thinking on the reputed decline of Spanish Empire on Scottish commercial access to Latin America. The third deals with enlightened critiques of Empire that were not necessarily sustained by observation and practical experience. The fourth explores through case studies the application of Enlightenment in North America and India. Most of the contributions were primarily given as papers to the Eighteenth Century Scottish Studies Society Conference held in Paris Sorbonne in July 2013 with the Adam Smith Society and the Centre Roland Mousnier (Sorbonne) on ‘Scotland, Europe and Empire in the Age of Adam Smith and Beyond’. This volume is published with the financial support of the Centre Roland Mousnier, Sorbonne University.

Trans-Imperial Networks in the Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy: The Rio de Janeiro-Montevideo Connection, 1778–1805

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-236
Author(s):  
Fabrício Prado
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Overseas Territories ◽  
Independence Movements

The late eighteenth century brought deep changes to the Atlantic World. Imperial competition, warfare, revolutions and a general increase in transatlantic commerce changed the balance of power among European empires and their overseas territories. The Spanish empire in particular faced multiple challenges, especially intermittent warfare and economic crises, which many historians regard as having paved the way for the Spanish American independence movements after 1808. Warfare in Europe and in the Atlantic weakened Spain's economy and its control over trade and administration in its American territories. Military conflicts in the 1790s and 1800s disrupted the commercial routes connecting the Peninsula and the colonies, forcing the opening of the colonial economies to foreign agents. Because of the perils faced by Spanish vessels crossing the Atlantic, the Castilian crown allowed colonial merchants to trade directly with foreign neutral nations. Apart from legal commerce, contraband trade also flourished.

Spanish America in Eighteenth-Century European Travel Compilations: a New "Art of Reading" and the Transition To Modernity

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Cañizares Esguerra
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Social Theories

AbstractBy the mid-eighteenth century sixteenth-century Spanish American testimonies on the New World suddely lost credibility with European audiences. This study seeks to explain this curious episode and traces it to new developments in ways to create and validate knowledge in early modern Europe. The genre of travel accounts proved instrumental in undermining the authority of Spanish accounts. Editors of travel compilations developed a "new art of reading" that privileged "internal" over "external" criticism. If in the past editors apportioned credit according to the number, character, and social standing of witnesses and favored knowledge gathered personally through the senses, by the mid-eighteenth century editors read accounts in the light of contemporary social theories : those accounts that proved inconsistent with the theories of political economy were dismissed. The reliability of sixteenth century Spanish eyewitnesses on the grandeur of the Aztec and Inca civilizations was called into question because these witnesses were deemed incapable of regulating their perceptions through reason (good taste). Since the new art of reading deployed by editors of travel compilations emerged out of a close dialogue between Europe and its colonies, this study shows the deep colonial roots of European modernity.

scholarly journals RIO DE JANEIRO AND THE SILVER MINING ECONOMY OF POTOSI: TRANS-IMPERIAL, GLOBAL, AND CONTRACTUAL APPROACHES TO SOUTH ATLANTIC MARKETS (18TH CENTURY)

Almanack ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bohorquez
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Urban Political Economy ◽  
La Plata Basin ◽  
Silver Mining ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper’s main goal is to advance some considerations on the interrelations between port cities and capital. More specifically, it sheds light on how these interdependencies took place in the eighteenth-century Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic world. This paper thus seeks to draw an urban political economy in transimperial, global, and contractual perspectives. For so doing, particular attention will be put to Rio de Janeiro’s projection far beyond the South Atlantic, and in particular, its interconnections with the Rio de la Plata basin and Potosi markets. Attention will also be paid to the impact of and repercussions that far-flung economic phenomena had for the urban domestic markets.

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