scholarly journals Animal Waste and Agro-by-Products: Valuable Resources for Producing Fish at Low Costs in Sub-Saharan Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renalda N. Munubi ◽  
Hieromin A. Lamtane
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
By Products

Animal and crop production throughout the world generate high amounts of wastes or by-products annually that may possess added value compounds with high functionality. These wastes and by-products may cause negative environmental impacts and significant expenses if not well managed and or controlled. Much of these wastes and by-products is valuable and cheaper source of potentially functional compounds such as proteins, lipids, starch, micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibbers. In aquaculture, feed is expensive, and the existing body of literature has shown that animal manure and its extracts can be successfully incorporated into fishpond to increase fish production at a low cost. In addition, crop residues such as rice bran, maize bran, and seed cakes are commonly used as pond inputs in small-scale aquaculture. Animal waste and crop residues are added in a fishpond that filter-feeding fish can use directly as feed, and these may form a major proportion of the detritus in the pond. These resources also stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that are rich in protein and are the basis of the food web that can support the growth of a range of herbivorous and omnivorous fish. Therefore, technically, wastes are used as direct feed, a source of minerals for autotrophic production and a source of organic matter for heterotrophic production. In this context, animal manure and crop residues have been used to provide great opportunities to improve food security. The purpose of this review is to project the potential of animal waste and agro-by-products as a sustainable alternative as aquaculture inputs to reduce poverty, malnutrition, and hunger in developing countries.

Development of a Low-Cost Solar-Powered Water Supply System for Small-Scale Drip Irrigation Farms in Sub-Saharan Africa: Dosing Tank and Bell Siphon Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 144 (7) ◽  
pp. 05018003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Oppong Danso ◽  
Thomas Atta-Darkwa ◽  
Finn Plauborg ◽  
Edward Benjamin Sabi ◽  
Yvonne Kugblenu-Darrah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Solar Powered

scholarly journals PRODUK SAMPING TANAMAN UBIKAYU SEBAGAI POTENSI BIOEKONOMI UNTUK PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Fahrur Rozi ◽  
Quartina Pudjiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Integrated Agriculture ◽  
By Products

Potential and opportunities for cassava development are still very broad along with development of companies in livestock, processed food, and other industries. Added value of cassava commodities resulting from development of downstream industries (processed products) is far higher than upstream industries (primary products), so that development paradigm in agriculture sector in future should be directed towards product expansion including its waste. This study aims to examine the economic value of cassava as a future crop from direct as well as by-products and their development strategies. Data was collected from small-scale tapioca flour farmers, ranchers and entrepreneurs. SWOT analysis was used to determine relevant development strategies. Analysis shows that cassava has an potential, especially as a raw material for food and feed industry. In short term, developing cassava strategy as an industrial raw material is to use new technologies i.e. varieties and cultivation techniques for planting arrangements. Cassava potential economic value is relatively high in terms of farming aspects, food raw materials, feed and industry. This potential, apart from main product, is also by-product that has been neglected at 29.7% of cassava main value. By-products potensial has not been used optimally and a bioeconomic value of biomass that can support integrated agriculture in the future.

scholarly journals Integrated strategies for durable rice blast resistance in sub-Saharan Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K Mutiga ◽  
Felix Rotich ◽  
Vincent M Were ◽  
John Kimani ◽  
David Thuranira Mwongera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan

Rice is a key food security crop in Africa. The importance of rice has led to increasing country-specific, regional and multinational efforts to develop germplasm and policy initiatives to boost production for a more food secure continent. Currently, this critically important cereal crop is predominantly cultivated by small-scale farmers under sub-optimal conditions in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, represents one of the major biotic constraints to rice production under small-scale farming systems of Africa, and developing durable disease resistance is therefore of critical importance. In this review, we provide an overview of the major advances by a multinational collaborative research effort to enhance sustainable rice production across SSA and how it is affected by advances in regional policy. As part of the multinational effort, we highlight the importance of joint international partnerships in tackling multiple crop production constraints through integrated research and outreach programs. More specifically, we highlight recent progress in establishing international networks for rice blast disease surveillance, farmer engagement, monitoring pathogen virulence spectra, and the establishment of regionally-based blast resistance breeding programs. To develop blast resistant, high yielding rice varieties for Africa, we have established a breeding pipeline that utilizes real-time data of pathogen diversity and virulence spectra, to identify major and minor blast resistance genes for introgression into locally adapted rice cultivars. In addition, the project has developed a package to support sustainable rice production through regular stakeholder engagement, training of agricultural extension officers, and establishment of plant clinics.

scholarly journals Enhancing Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae Var capitata) Yields and Quality Through Microclimate Modification and Physiological Improvement Using Agronet Covers

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everlyne M. Muleke ◽  
Mwanarusi Saidi ◽  
Francis M. Itulya ◽  
Thibaud Martin ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Brassica Oleraceae ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

<p>Adverse environmental conditions have contributed to perpetual poor cabbage (<em>Brassica oleraceae var. capitata</em>) yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Elsewhere, net covers have been reported to provide a low-cost technology with the potential of modifying the microclimate around a crop for better performance. Two experiments were therefore conducted over a span of two seasons to determine the effects of agronet covers on microclimate modification and subsequent cabbage yield and quality. The treatments comprised cabbage plants grown under either fine mesh (0.4 mm pore diameter) or large mesh (0.9 mm pore diameter) agronet covers maintained permanently closed, or opened thrice weekly from 9 am to 3 pm and a control treatment where cabbage was grown in the open field. Net covering generally modified the microclimate by raising temperatures, relative humidity and volumetric water content but lowering photosynthetic active radiation and diurnal temperature range compared to control. The use of agronet covers resulted in better cabbage performance. The large mesh (0.9 mm) enhanced leaf stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content, and improved fresh and dry weight as well as head quality. Results of this study present the use of agronet covers as a potentially effective technology for use by small-scale farmers in protected cabbage culture in sub-Saharan Africa.</p>

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUES AS SUPPLEMENT FOR GOATS FATTENING AMONG ANIMAL REARERS IN GIPALMA MUBI-SOUTH, ADAMAWA STATE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Babale ◽  
A. Aliyu ◽  
Dazala ◽  
Wazamda
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Poor Nutrition ◽  
By Products ◽  
Main Strategy

Fattening has been defined as intensive feeding of highly nutritious feed to and promotes fast growth and fat deposition to achieve desired carcass growth and quality. The main strategy is to fatten young, lean male goat to obtain either from the farmer’s own flock or more often, purchased on the open market over a period of two to three months, with each farmer fattening between one and five animals. The goats are usually tethered or kept in a small sheltered enclosure at the homestead, and often fed and watered individually. Basal feeds used for goat fattening, such as hay and millet straw are supplemented with cowpea haulms, maize bran, rice bran and coconut flour which is derived from the crop residues. Poor nutrition is a major constraint in fattening small ruminants in Nigeria, this is because farmers often give the animals whatever is available, leading to waste when feed availability is high, and underfeeding when it is low (feed availability). Fattening of small ruminants as a business is very common in Nigeria. Small ruminants are usually reproduced on the farms or houses and are sold around festivities. (Christmas and Sallah) or when cash is required. No special efforts, other than grazing the animals, are made by many smallholder farmers and pastoralists to ‘’fatten’’ them. A similar situation exists for fattening of large ruminants (bulls) as a business. Most farmers in Nigeria sell their bulls once they have been introduced to ‘’fatten’’ these animals commercially. Goats are able to subsist and make appreciable gains in long dry season with crop residue-based diets that compare favourably with conventional concentrate rations. Some of the crop residues and by-products available are potentially good feed resources which degrade readily in the rumen, some however, have shown poor degradability and hence, require some treatments before they can contribute to animal nutrition.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Examination on Small Scale Sugarcane Harvesting Machine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5265-5268
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
By Products

The work in this paper is focused , about the sugarcane harvesting machine, as India is considered as one of the higher consumers and producers of sugarcane and its by products and to due to huge population, there is a high demand of sugarcane and to meet the demand of population, large scale production has to be adopted, hence for farming and harvesting the sugarcane an automated, low cost harvester is necessary for the farmers to reduce the efforts of sugarcane harvesting and to increase the rate of sugar cane cutting. This machine will be helpful for the farmers having both small and big farms, the work on this paper was carried to identify the major options along with the opportunities and major chances for future enhancement in the field of agriculture industries.

scholarly journals Development and Performance Evaluation of A Low-Cost Hydraulic-Operated Biomass Briquetting Machine

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olawale U Dairo ◽  
Ademola E Adeleke ◽  
Taofeek Shittu ◽  
Nageri A Ibrahim ◽  
Olayemi J Adeosun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Output Efficiency ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
And Performance

Large quantities of agricultural residues produced in Nigeria can provide an alternative way in meeting her energy demand through briquetting. Biomass briquetting is the process of compacting raw biomass materials (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and animal waste) into standard mini-brick units as solid fuel for improved handling and efficiency. A small scale, 40 bar hydraulic operated piston briquetting machine with a capacity of 120 briquettes per hour was developed. The machine comprised of hydraulic, control, press, power, ejection and frame sections, and adopted the binder-less technology. Sawdust and rice husk were used as sample biomass materials. The compressed biomass obtained from the developed machine in form of briquettes had mean diameter and height of 30 mm ±0.02 and 16 mm ±0.01 respectively. The force, deflection, and Young Modulus at peak were 16.30 N, 3.29 mm and 548.11 N/mm2 for Sawdust Briquettes (SB) respectively, while 12.50 N, 1.49 mm; and 481 N/mm2 were obtained for Rice Husk Briquettes (RHB).  The yield stress for SB and RHB were 12 and 9 N/mm2. The heating values obtained for SB and RHB were 51.0 Kcal/g and 39.4 Kcal/g respectively. The output efficiency of the machine was 88% indicating a satisfactory performance of the machine.

Biomass Fuel in Kenya: Availability and the Potential for Gasification

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus K. Laichena
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
Water Pumps ◽  
Gasification Technology ◽  
By Products

Biomass, in the form of wood, charcoal, and crop residues, is the most important source of energy in Kenya, providing about 75% of the total. A survey was conducted to assess the availability, use, ease of gathering, and the suitability of various biomass fuels for thermal gasification in Kenya. Kenya generates a large variety of by-products from the agricultural sector and related industries (eg coffee husks, coconut shells, bagasse, maize cobs, and cereal straw), and from the forest industry (eg sawdust, bark, off-cuts, and timber shots). Most of these are suitable for gasification; only a small fraction is used as domestic fuel or for animal feed. The quantities generated annually are sufficient to operate small to medium-scale gasifiers that might be used to power sawmills, water pumps, maize and cereal mills, or to generate electricity for remote rural communities. Finally, the paper considers the potential for application of gasification technology in Kenya. Suitable biomass materials are available, and a tentative economic analysis shows that small-scale gasifiers are attractive if the biomass price is low and if the gasifier can be repaired and serviced locally.

scholarly journals Small-scale Mushroom Production Unit for the Upliftment of Rural Economy and Women Empowerment in India: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Anwesha Dey ◽  
Shubhi Patel ◽  
Md. Mahtab Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
By Products

India is popularly known as an agriculture driven nation, since the majority of its population is employed in agriculture, thus, making agriculture backbone of the Indian economy. Agriculture is an engine of growth and poverty reduction in the majority of developing nations. Strengthening rural people, directly and indirectly, contributes to nations’ development. As in India, the rural population mostly comprises of marginal and landless farmers, there is a need for a low cost and maximum profit plan to enhance both their income as well as socio-economic status. One such plan is to set up a small-scale mushroom production unit which requires by-products of the agricultural farm as input and occupy less agricultural land space. Mushroom cultivation is a minimum input maximum output venture proving to be an additional source of income. The vegetarian population residing in the urban areas of our country has now accepted mushrooms in their diet because of its nutritional values so the mushroom produced from the nearby rural areas has a good market of selling their products easily and at a good price. Thus, the mushroom is a boon to both producer and consumer giving it the status of superfood. Mushroom cultivation can also be a way to empower the rural women, provide additional income for the sustenance of farming families and tackle the problem of lack of nutritional requirement of the rural people. Rural women are the most productive workforce in the economy, raising the need to strengthen and improve their socio-economic status. A low-cost small-scale mushroom production unit can generate income through the sale of spawns, in addition to the sale of fresh mushroom in a sustainable approach by utilizing farm by-products as their raw material.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Information Monitoring System for Smart Farming Applications

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Tarik Adnan Almohamad ◽  
Raja Majid Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Communication Range ◽  
Information Monitoring ◽  
Agricultural Farm

A low-cost, low-power, and low data-rate solution is proposed to fulfill the requirements of information monitoring for actual large-scale agricultural farms. A small-scale farm can be easily managed. By contrast, a large farm will require automating equipment that contributes to crop production. Sensor based soil properties measurement plays an integral role in designing a fully automated agricultural farm, also provides more satisfactory results than any manual method. The existing information monitoring solutions are inefficient in terms of higher deployment cost and limited communication range to adapt the need of large-scale agriculture farms. A serial based low-power, long-range, and low-cost communication module is proposed to confront the challenges of monitoring information over long distances. In the proposed system, a tree-based communication mechanism is deployed to extend the communication range by adding intermediate nodes. Each sensor node consists of a solar panel, a rechargeable cell, a microcontroller, a moisture sensor, and a communication unit. Each node is capable to work as a sensor node and router node for network traffic. Minimized data logs from the central node are sent daily to the cloud for future analytics purpose. After conducting a detailed experiment in open sight, the communication distance measured 250 m between two points and increased to 750 m by adding two intermediate nodes. The minimum working current of each node was 2 mA, and the packet loss rate was approximately 2–5% on different packet sizes of the entire network. Results show that the proposed approach can be used as a reference model to meet the requirements for soil measurement, transmission, and storage in a large-scale agricultural farm.

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