scholarly journals Loss of Employment and Reduction of Income during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Maranhão State, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Simple Random Sample ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Medium Level

To estimate the prevalence and factors associated to the loss of employment and reduction of income during the covid-19 pandemic in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. A population-based household survey was performed, from October 19 to 30, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. The sample selection was carried out in three stages (stratum, census tracts and households). After systematic analysis, thirty sectors were selected in each stratum, totaling 150 sectors, with the number of households in each sector set at 34 households, totaling 5,100 households and one inhabitant per household (resident for at least six months and with 1-year-old or more) selected by simple random sample. To this research were analyzed 3,297 inhabitants among 18 and 64 years old. The Loss of employment and income from the pandemic was questioned. Descriptive analysis (weighted frequency) and Pearson’s chi-square test were performed to verify univariate association between independent variables and the outcome (p < 0.05). The prevalence of loss of employment and income was 12.1% (95%CI 10.5–13.7%), but another 39.7% (95% CI 37.3–42.1%) were already out of the market before the pandemic. This loss was statistically greater among residents of the largest and wealthiest cities in the state (stratum with the state capital: 22.7%; 95% CI 18.8–27.2; and in cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants: 12.4%; 95% CI 9.9–15.6), male (14.3%; 95% CI 11.9–17.3; p = 0.037), middle-aged adults between 30 and 49 years (15.3%; 95% CI 12.8–18.2; p = 0.001), medium level (15.3%; 95% CI 12.9–18.1; p = 0.003) and higher education (14.4%; 95% CI 9.4–21.5; p = 0.003) and users of public transportation (14.6%; 95% CI 12.4–17.2; p = 0.005), and among those who received this aid was much higher (50.4%; 95% CI 33.2–67.4; p = 0.001). The results showed a relevant prevalence of loss of work and income in Maranhão and its association with individual and contextual factors. They revealed the groups and contexts most affected socioeconomically by the pandemic and that should deserve special attention from public income transfer strategies.

scholarly journals Household Survey of Trachoma Among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Brito ◽  
Barbosa ◽  
Coelho de Andrade ◽  
Sá de Oliveira ◽  
Montarroyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Health Organization

This study analyzed the association between individual and household factors and the incidence of trachoma among a population aged between 1 and 9 years in the state of Pernambuco. This was a population-based household study conducted using a population-based sample of residents from 96 census sectors of the 1778 sectors considered to be at social risk in the state. The estimated odds ratio of the univariate analysis presented a confidence interval of 95%. Weights and clusters were adjusted through the Generalized Linear and Latent Mixed Model (GLLAM) method. Trachoma cases were the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis. The independent variables were selected through the stepwise forward method, with an input criterion of 20% (p < 0.20) and an output criterion of 10% (p < 0.10). The prevalence was 6.65%. Trachoma was associated with a female sex, age of 5–9 years, either the absence of use or infrequent use of soap to wash the hands and face, the presence of nasal secretion, a lack of piped water from a public supply system, a greater number of rooms used for sleeping, a greater number of people living in the same household, and a family income of up to one minimum monthly wage. The prevalence of follicular trachoma in Pernambuco was higher than what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Characteristics of falls in elderly persons residing in the community: a population-based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Albuquerque de Moraes ◽  
Wuber Jefferson Sousa Soares ◽  
Lygia Paccini Lustosa ◽  
Tereza Loffredo Bilton ◽  
Eduardo Ferrioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Object: to examine the characteristics to the last fall of Brazilian elderly persons who experienced falls in 2008 and 2009, and to identify if there is a relationship with sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, comorbidities, clinical conditions and the circumstances of the falls. Methods: a cross-sectional, population based study was carried out with participants aged 65 and older from Barueri in the state of São Paulo and Cuiabá in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Households were enrolled within each census region according to population density and the number of elderly persons living in each region. A multidimensional questionnaire composed of sociodemographic factors and data regarding falls was used. Associations were analyzed using contingency tables, and Fisher's Exact or Pearson's Chi-square test was used. Results: 774 elderly people were included in the study, 299 of whom reported falling in the previous year. Of these, 176 (58.9%) had fallen once and 123 (41.1%) reported having fallen twice or more. Among fallers the mean age was 72.53 (±6.12) years and 214 (71.6%) were female. About 107 (35.8%) of the elderly reported having fallen forwards, 79 (26.4%) fell to the side and 42(14%) fell backwards. Regarding the circumstances of the falls, 107 (35.8%) reported having lost their balance, 79 (26.4%) said they had stumbled and 42 (14%) said they had slipped. There was an association between the mechanism and circumstances of the falls and having fallen once or twice or more. There was an association between the circumstances of falls and the number of medications taken. Conclusion: The characteristics of falls were different among elderly persons who had fallen once or twice or more, which may guide health professionals, the elderly and their families in relation to specific fall prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Population-based seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is more than halfway through the herd immunity threshold in the State of Maranhao, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva ◽  
Lídio Gonçalves Lima Neto ◽  
Conceição de Maria Pedrozo e Silva Azevedo ◽  
Léa Márcia Melo da Costa ◽  
Maylla Luana Barbosa Martins Bragança ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay

Background: Few population-based studies on the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been performed to date, and most of them have used lateral flow immunoassays with finger-prick, which may yield false-negative results and thus underestimate the true infection rate. Methods: A population-based household survey was performed in the State of Maranhao, Brazil, from 27 July 2020 to 8 August 2020 to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 using a serum testing electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A three-stage cluster sampling stratified by four state regions was used. The estimates took clustering, stratification, and non-response into account. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas e601 analyser (Roche Diagnostics). Findings: A total of 3156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 62.2% had more than three symptoms, 11.1% had one or two symptoms, and 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate was 0.17%, higher for males and advanced age groups. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. Interpretation: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey was the highest and the closest to the herd immunity threshold reported to date. Our results suggest that the herd immunity threshold is not as low as 20%, but at least higher than or equal to around 40%. The infection fatality rate was one of the lowest reported so far, and the proportion of asymptomatic cases was low.

scholarly journals Epidemiological profile of meningococcal disease in the State of Minas Gerais and in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions, Brazil, during 2000-2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karynne Alves do Nascimento ◽  
Sybelle de Souza Castro Miranzi ◽  
Lúcia Marina Scatena
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Age Group ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

INTRODUCTION: Infection by Neisseria meningitidis, termed as meningococcal disease, can cause meningococcal meningitis and septicemia with or without meningitis. Meningococcal disease is endemic in Brazil and has a high potential to cause large-scale epidemics; therefore, it requires the immediate notification of cases to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) in Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe an epidemiological profile using data from notified and confirmed cases in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from January 2000 to December 2009, obtained from the investigation records of individuals with meningitis registered with SINAN. METHODS: This was a retrospective, population-based study. Descriptive analysis of the data was made using the simple and relative frequencies of the categorical variables in the investigation records. RESULTS: There were 1,688 confirmed patients in Minas Gerais of which 45.5% lived in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions. The highest frequencies of cases were in the 1-4-years age group (26.3%), males (54.7%), caucasian (36.4%), and lived in an urban area (80%). In the patients with specified education, 650 (60.9%) patients had secondary education. Serogrouping of meningococci had been performed in 500 (29.6%) patients by age and gender; 285 (57%) belonged to serogroup C, 67 (13.4%) were in the 1-to 4-years age group, and 168 (33.6%) were male. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profiles of patients in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions were not significantly different from the profile of patients in Minas Gerais.

scholarly journals The relationship between emotional and personal well-being and the resilience of cadets

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-378
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Karapetyan ◽  
◽  
Galina A. Glotova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing need for the personnel of the law enforcement agency to demonstrate resilience and maintain a state of internal well-being for the successful solution of professional tasks. This requires early diagnosis of the severity of not only contraindications to the profession, but also resource, positive individual characteristics. The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between resilience and self-assessment of emotional and personal well-being of cadets of the Ural Institute of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. Materials and methods. 169 cadets of the institute enrolled in the 1st year of study, aged 17-18 years, were examined. The psychodiagnostic methods "Self-assessment of emotional and personal well-being" (in two versions: " SEPWB -9" for 9 points and " SEPWB -24" for 24 points), a test of resilience were used. Methods of mathematical statistics: descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, Pearson chi-square, Cronbach's alpha. Results. With a high self-esteem of the majority of cadets of their own resilience, there are isolated cases of low ratings of this characteristic (Mmin = 69, with M ± σ = 109.42 ± 13.90). Respondents generally favorably assess their emotional and personal well-being. However, isolated cases of emotional and personal distress were identified (SEPWB-9. Mmin = 18, at M ± σ = 29.50 ± 4.93; SEPWB-24 Mmin = 55, at M ± σ = 82.25 ± 11.26). According to the results of the SEPWB-9 and SEPWB-24 methods, it is possible to predict the total indicator "resilience" of the Resilience Test (the probability of the forecast being correct is 58% according to the indicators of the SEPWB-9 method and 69% according to the indicators of the SEPWB-24 method). The resilience of cadets of the Institute of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is closely related to their emotional and personal well-being (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion. The resilience test and the SEPWB-24 methodology can be included in the list of additional methods of professional psychological selection, as well as in the list of methods of in-depth psychodiagnostic examination of cadets of state educational institutions of higher professional education of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia with the III category of professional psychological fitness.

scholarly journals PERSEPSI IBU-IBU PENGURUS POSDAYA TERHADAP KEAMANAN PANGAN JAJANAN ANAK SEKOLAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoni Atma
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Street Food ◽  
Food Knowledge ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Cross Tabulation

PERSEPSI IBU-IBU PENGURUS POSDAYA TERHADAP KEAMANAN PANGAN JAJANAN ANAK SEKOLAH Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran persepsi ibu-ibu posdaya terhadap keamanan pangan jajanan anak sekolah (PJAS). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuisioner. Sampel penelitian ibu- ibu Posdaya Mawar Setu Kelurahan Setu Kecamatan Cipayung Jakarta. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis deskriptif dan statistik. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas dilakukan terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan tertutup. Data yang valid dan reliabel dianalisis dengan tabulasi silang untuk mendapatkan nilai Chi-square. Jika terdapat hubungan antara parameter, dilanjutkan dengan analisis regresi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa >80% pertanyaan valid. Nilai reliabilitas dari pertanyaan tertutup 0,730. Sebagian besar ibu-ibu posdaya memiliki rentang usia 36-45 tahun (50%), pendidikan terakhir SLTA (55%), pengeluaran 1 juta-2,5 juta (90%) dan merupakan ibu rumah tangga dengan pekerjaan sambilan (80%). Jumlah ibu-ibu posdaya yang mengetahui pengaruh bahan kimia 85% dan 80% mengetahui pengaruh pangan yang tidak higienis, tetapi masih pengetahuan yang sifatnya umum. Sebanyak 70% ibu-ibu posdaya memonitor makanan jajanan anak sekolah dan 85% berasumsi bahwa membawa bekal lebih baik dari pada pangan jajanan. Pengetahuan, kepedulian dan persepsi ibu-ibu posdaya Mawar Setu terhadap pangan jajanan anak sekolah dikategorikan cukup. Nilai Chi-square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara parameter pengeluaran dan pekerjaan dengan persepsi ibu-ibu posdaya terhadap pangan jajanan. Nilai R square hubungan profil pengeluaran dan pekerjaan terhadap persepsi berkisar antara 0,024-0,277. Kata Kunci: persepsi, pangan jajanan anak sekolah, posdaya, keamanan pangan, analisis deskriptif. PERCEPTION OF POSDAYA MEMBERS TOWARD SREETFOOD SAFETY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN Abstract In this research determined perception of mother‘s as member of the posdaya toward street food safety of schoolchildren. Data was collected by questionnaire. Sample is mother‘s as member of Posdaya Mawar Setu, Setu villages, Cipayung sub-district, Jakarta. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistically. Validation and reliable analysis was done on closed questions. Valid and reliable data were analyzed with cross tabulation to obtain Chi-square value, and than last analysis is regretion. Result shown that valid question around >80% and reliable value 0,730. Most respondent are 36-45 years old (50%), senior high school educated (55%), spending money Rp 1,000,000-Rp 2,500,00 million per month (90%) and there are house wife with part time job (80%). About 85% mother‘s as member of posdaya know effect of chemicals in food and 85% know about effect of unhygienic food. Unfortunatelly, their knowledge still general. About 70% responden supervise street food of schoolchildren and 85% assume that take lunch to school more efficient compared street food. Knowledge, awareness and perceptions toward street food categorized medium level. Chi-square value indicate that have correlation between parameters of spending money per month and job with perception of mother as member of posdaya toward street food. R square value 0,024-0,277. Keywords: perception, street food schoolchildren, posdaya, food safety, descriptive analysis.

scholarly journals Frailty syndrome among elderly and associated factors: comparison of two cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalina Aparecida Partezani Rodrigues ◽  
Jack Roberto Silva Fhon ◽  
Maria de Lourdes de Farias Pontes ◽  
Antonia Oliveira Silva ◽  
Vanderlei José Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Frailty Syndrome ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective to compare the frailty syndrome among elderly people living at home in two Brazilian cities and to identify factors related to sociodemographic and health-related variables. Method population-based cross-sectional study with 480 elderly individuals from the cities of Ribeirão Preto/SP and João Pessoa/PB, with application of the Mini Mental State Examination instruments and the Edmonton Frailty, Geriatric Depression and Lawton and Brody scales. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, Fisher’s test, Student’s t-test, Spermann’s correlation and Logistic regression were used. In all analyzes, the level of significance was set at p≤0.05. Results in relation to frailty, it was verified that living in Ribeirão Preto, presenting advanced age, low schooling, multiple chronic diseases, reduced cognitive status and functional capacity, besides depressive symptoms, are factors associated with the frailty syndrome, in both cities. Conclusion we identified that the frailty syndrome in the elderly of both cities has a relation with the place where the elderly person lives, age, schooling, number of diseases, reduction of cognitive status, functional capacity and presence of symptoms depressive.

scholarly journals Sleep Quality and Its Correlates among Adolescents of Western Nepal: A Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prayas Gautam ◽  
Maginsh Dahal ◽  
Kushalata Baral ◽  
Rohit Acharya ◽  
Sudip Khanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Use Of Internet

Sleep quality has a long-term impact on health leading to depression among adolescent students. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of sleep quality and its associated factors among adolescents of western, Nepal. 514 adolescents from different schools were selected by the probability proportionate to size (PPS) method. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the sleep quality among adolescents. The collected data were entered in EpiData 3.2 version, then extracted to excel 2019 and was analyzed with the help of RStudio (version 1.2.5033). Frequency distribution and percentage were identified as descriptive analysis whereas chi-square test was done. Variables that were found statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) were further analyzed using the logistic regression model. The prevalence of sleep quality in this study was 39.1%. In a bivariate analysis, ethnicity, religion, place of residence, drinking status of father, reason for selecting the currently studying faculty, satisfaction with academic performance, use of tobacco, relationship with friends or classmates, more use of internet per day, and use of internet before falling asleep were found to be statistically significant with sleep quality. Those students who left their home without informing their parents were more than three times at the risk of sleep quality than those students who never ran away from their home without informing their parents ( AOR = 3.435 , CI: 1.237-9.540). The overall prevalence of sleep quality among school going adolescent students was 39.1 percent which was comparatively high.

scholarly journals Managing noncommunicable diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: findings from the PAMPA cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-1000
Author(s):  
Jayne Santos Leite ◽  
Natan Feter ◽  
Eduardo Lucia Caputo ◽  
Igor Retzlaff Doring ◽  
Júlia Cassuriaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective was to identify the impact of social distance in the management of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) in the adult population from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. This is an ambispective, population-based cohort study. Descriptive analysis and Poisson regression models were used and the results were reported as prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals. From a total of 1,288 participants, 43.1% needed medical care and 28.5% reported impaired management of NCDs during social distance. Female sex, age between 18 and 30 years old, living in the Serra region (central region of the state), people with depression and multimorbidity were more likely to have impaired management of NCDs. Being physically active reduced the probability of having impaired management of NCD by 15%. Reduced monthly income was associated with the difficulty in accessing prescription medicine and avoidance of seeking in-person medical assistance. Depression was associated with difficulties in accessing medications, while avoidance of seeking in-person medical assistance was more likely for people with multimorbidity, arthritis/arthrosis/fibromyalgia, heart disease, and high cholesterol.

scholarly journals Aspects related to the outcomes of the treatment, in international borders, of cases of tuberculosis as associated to comorbidities

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Christina Santos Souza ◽  
Keurilene Sutil de Oliveira ◽  
Rubia Laine de Paula Andrade ◽  
Lucia Marina Scatena ◽  
Reinaldo Antonio Silva-Sobrinho
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
International Border ◽  
Negative Outcome

Abstract Objective: analyzing the aspects associated with case outcomes and the international border situation when it comes to patients with tuberculosis (TB) associated with comorbidities. Method: exploratory descriptive epidemiological study, analyzing all new cases of TB with comorbidities reported in 2013 on SISNAN in the cities at the border of the state of Paraná and Paraguay. The variables used were: sociodemographic, clinical and operational. To analyze the data, descriptive analysis and the chi-square test were applied. Results: 227 cases of tuberculosis associated with comorbidities were reported and 70.9% were from cities bordering Paraguay. Alcoholism (22.0%) and AIDS (13.7%) were the most common comorbidities. The chi-square test presented a statistical association of border cities with negative outcomes and not performing directly observed treatments. Conclusion: Through the study, it was possible to find that the location of border cities can be determinant for a negative outcome.

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