scholarly journals Population-based seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is more than halfway through the herd immunity threshold in the State of Maranhao, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva ◽  
Lídio Gonçalves Lima Neto ◽  
Conceição de Maria Pedrozo e Silva Azevedo ◽  
Léa Márcia Melo da Costa ◽  
Maylla Luana Barbosa Martins Bragança ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay

Background: Few population-based studies on the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been performed to date, and most of them have used lateral flow immunoassays with finger-prick, which may yield false-negative results and thus underestimate the true infection rate. Methods: A population-based household survey was performed in the State of Maranhao, Brazil, from 27 July 2020 to 8 August 2020 to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 using a serum testing electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A three-stage cluster sampling stratified by four state regions was used. The estimates took clustering, stratification, and non-response into account. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas e601 analyser (Roche Diagnostics). Findings: A total of 3156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 62.2% had more than three symptoms, 11.1% had one or two symptoms, and 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate was 0.17%, higher for males and advanced age groups. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. Interpretation: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey was the highest and the closest to the herd immunity threshold reported to date. Our results suggest that the herd immunity threshold is not as low as 20%, but at least higher than or equal to around 40%. The infection fatality rate was one of the lowest reported so far, and the proportion of asymptomatic cases was low.

scholarly journals Clinical epidemiological characteristics of mycetoma in Eastern Sennar locality, Sennar State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0009847
Author(s):  
Rowa Hassan ◽  
Kebede Deribe ◽  
Ahmed Hassan Fahal ◽  
Melanie Newport ◽  
Sahar Bakhiet
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Mycetoma epidemiological features remain uncharacterised. Few studies have been conducted in a community-based setting to explore the epidemiological features and risk factors for mycetoma in Sudan. To bridge this gap, this study was conducted in Eastern Sennar Locality, Sennar State, Sudan, to report the clinical, epidemiological characteristics of mycetoma patients and the disease burden in the state. We used cluster sampling; sixty villages were randomly selected across the locality’s five administrative units, and a household-to-household survey was conducted. We collected data using pre-designed questionnaires at the community, household, and individual levels. We performed descriptive analyses of the data and produced prevalence maps using ArcGIS 10.5 ([ESRI] Inc., Redlands CA, USA). A total of 41,176 individuals were surveyed, and 359 mycetoma patients were identified. The overall prevalence of mycetoma was 0.87% (95%CI = 0.78–0.97%), the prevalence among males was 0.83% (95%CI = 0.71–0.96%), and females 0.92% (95% CI = 0.79–1.06%). Individuals in the age group 31–45 years had the highest prevalence among the different age groups (1.52%, 95% CI = 1.23–1.86%). The prevalence map showed patients clustered within the central and north-eastern part of the locality, while villages in the south-western part had few or no cases. In conclusion, this clinical epidemiological study is pioneering and shows that mycetoma is prevalent in certain parts of Sudan. This data obtained will support the design of measures to reduce the disease burden in the state. The survey procedures and protocols can be adopted for further studies in Sudan and beyond.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and intention regarding mHealth in generation Y: evidence from a population based cross sectional study in Chakaria, Bangladesh

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e016217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shafiqur Rahman ◽  
Syed Hanifi ◽  
Fatema Khatun ◽  
Mohammad Iqbal ◽  
Sabrina Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Generation Y ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Background and objectivesmHealth offers a new opportunity to ensure access to qualified healthcare providers. Therefore, to better understand its potential in Bangladesh, it is important to understand how young people use mobile phones for healthcare. Here we examine the knowledge, attitudes and intentions to use mHealth services among young population.DesignPopulation based cross sectional household survey.Setting and participantsA total of 4909 respondents, aged 18 years and above, under the Chakaria Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) area, were interviewed during the period November 2012 to April 2013.MethodsParticipants younger than 30 years of age were defined as young (or generation Y). To examine the level of knowledge about and intention towards mHealth services in generation Y compared with their older counterparts, the percentage of the respective outcome measure from a 2×2 contingency table and adjusted odds ratio (aOR), which controls for potential confounders such as mobile ownership, sex, education, occupation and socioeconomic status, were estimated. The aOR was estimated using both the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel approach and multivariable logistic regression models controlling for confounders.ResultsGeneration Y had significantly greater access to mobile phones (50%vs40%) and better knowledge about its use for healthcare (37.8%vs27.5%;aOR 1.6 (95% CI1.3 to 2.0)). Furthermore, the level of knowledge about two existing mHealth services in generation Y was significantly higher compared with their older counterparts, with aOR values of 3.2 (95% CI 2.6 to 5.5) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.8), respectively. Similarly, generation Y showed significantly greater intention towards future use of mHealth services compared with their older counterparts (aOR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4)). The observed associations were not modified by sociodemographic factors.ConclusionThere is a greater potential for mHealth services in the future among young people compared with older age groups. However, given the low overall use of mHealth, appropriate policy measures need to be formulated to enhance availability, access, utilisation and effectiveness of mHealth services.

scholarly journals Visualization of Lesions of Metaphyses and Epiphyses of Bones in Newborns and Young Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
N. A. Sholokhova
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities

The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic capabilities of various methods of radiological diagnostics for lesions of the metaphyses and epiphyses of bones in newborns and young children.The study involved 108 children in the age group 5 days – 12 months with pathological changes in the pineal gland and bone metaphysis. The possibilities and advantages of standard radiography (СR), ultrasound examination (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early and differential diagnosis of the osteomyelitis process and epiphyseolysis have been determined. High sensitivity (98 %), specificity (99 %) and accuracy (98 %) for ultrasound and sensitivity (94 %), specificity (89 %) and accuracy (95 %) of MRI in diagnosing osteomyelitis in patients of this age groups. At the same time, the possibilities of standard radiography at the stages of early diagnosis of inflammatory processes in the distal parts of the bones were limited due to a number of factors. The use of diagnostic algorithms greatly facilitates the work of a radiologist and reduces the number of false negative results during the initial treatment of patients.

scholarly journals Household Survey of Trachoma Among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Brito ◽  
Barbosa ◽  
Coelho de Andrade ◽  
Sá de Oliveira ◽  
Montarroyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Health Organization

This study analyzed the association between individual and household factors and the incidence of trachoma among a population aged between 1 and 9 years in the state of Pernambuco. This was a population-based household study conducted using a population-based sample of residents from 96 census sectors of the 1778 sectors considered to be at social risk in the state. The estimated odds ratio of the univariate analysis presented a confidence interval of 95%. Weights and clusters were adjusted through the Generalized Linear and Latent Mixed Model (GLLAM) method. Trachoma cases were the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis. The independent variables were selected through the stepwise forward method, with an input criterion of 20% (p < 0.20) and an output criterion of 10% (p < 0.10). The prevalence was 6.65%. Trachoma was associated with a female sex, age of 5–9 years, either the absence of use or infrequent use of soap to wash the hands and face, the presence of nasal secretion, a lack of piped water from a public supply system, a greater number of rooms used for sleeping, a greater number of people living in the same household, and a family income of up to one minimum monthly wage. The prevalence of follicular trachoma in Pernambuco was higher than what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals The hidden harms of using alcohol for pain relief in older adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1929-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim-Michelle Gilson ◽  
Christina Bryant ◽  
Fiona Judd
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Age Range

Estimates from population-based studies indicate that older adults drink more frequently than younger age groups. Data from the 2010 Australian national household survey reported that daily drinking was evident in 13.3% of older adults aged 60–69 years and in 14.8% of older adults aged 70+ years. These findings are compared to daily drinking rates reported by 10.1% of adults aged 50–59 years and 7.5% in the 40–49 years age range (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). The study of alcohol consumption in older adults is particularly important because of their increased sensitivity to alcohol-related harms. With age, the body's ability to process alcohol decreases as a result of physiological changes, such as decreases in body mass and higher levels of fatty tissue, leading to a higher blood alcohol concentration for a given dose compared with younger adults (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1998). This greater vulnerability to the effects of alcohol necessitates a stronger understanding of drinking practices in older adults.

scholarly journals Socio-economic Status and Associated Factors in the Uptake of HIV Testing: Findings from the South African Population-based National Household Survey Conducted in 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Jooste ◽  
Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽  
Myra Taylor ◽  
Alicia North ◽  
Yolande Shean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Testing Uptake

Abstract Background: Improved understanding of barriers to HIV testing is important for reaching the first of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets, which states that 90 percent of HIV positive individuals ought to know their HIV status. This study examined socioeconomic status (SES) factors and related covariates associated with HIV testing uptake in the general population in South Africa. Information on SES and HIV testing may impact the HIV treatment and care cascade and prevention of HIV transmission. Methods: This study used data obtained from a national cross-sectional, population-based household survey conducted in 2017 using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling design. A composite SES score was created using multiple correspondence analyses of household assets; households were classified into wealth quintiles and dichotomized into low SES/poorest (lowest 3 quintiles) and high SES/less-poor (highest 2 quintiles). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to analyse associations between the uptake of HIV testing and a set of socio-demographic and HIV-related variables. Results: HIV testing uptake was 73.8% and 76.7% among low and high SES household, respectively, both of which were below the first 90 target. The findings showed increased uptake of HIV testing was associated with being female and having a higher educational level independent of SES. Decreased uptake of HIV testing was associated with being from White and Indian/Asian race groups, residing in rural formal areas, alcohol consumption, and high self-perceived risk of HIV infection.Conclusions: We found that HIV testing uptake was similar for people from both low and high SES. However, interventions aimed at improving HIV testing in order to reach the first 90 target, should target males, all race groups, those with low education attainment, and those residing in rural formal areas. Reaching the first target will require efforts to improve community knowledge, and awareness about the negative impact of alcohol use and address HIV risk perception.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Lebanon: findings from the first nationwide serosurvey

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Hoballah ◽  
Rana El Haidari ◽  
Ghina Siblany ◽  
Fadi Abdel Sater ◽  
Samir Mansour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Population Based ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Population Weight

Abstract Background Lebanon, a small country in the Middle East, remains severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies provide accurate estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hence evaluate the extent of the pandemic. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Lebanon and to compare the estimated cumulative number of COVID-19 cases with the officially registered number of laboratory-confirmed cases up to January 15, 2021. Methods A nationwide population-based serosurvey study was conducted in Lebanon between December 7, 2020, and January 15, 2021, before the initiation of the national vaccination program. The nCOVID-19 IgG & IgM point-of-care (POCT) rapid test was used to detect the presence of anti-SARS-COV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood. Seroprevalence was estimated after weighting for sex, age, and area of residence and adjusting for the test performance. Results Of the 2058 participants, 329 were positive for IgG SARS-COV-2, resulting in a crude seroprevalence of 16.0% (95% CI 14.4–17.6). The weighed seroprevalence was 15.9% (95% CI of 14.4 and 17.4). After adjusting for test performance, the population weight-adjusted seroprevalence was 18.5% (95% CI 16.8–20.2). This estimate implies that 895,770 individuals of the general population were previously infected by COVID-19 up to January 15, 2021 in Lebanon. The overall estimated number of subjects with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was three times higher than the officially reported cumulative number of confirmed cases. Seroprevalence was similar across age groups and sexes (p-value > 0.05). However, significant differences were revealed across governorates. Conclusions Our results suggest that the Lebanese population is still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and far from achieving herd immunity. These findings represent an important contribution to the surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon and to the understanding of how this virus spreads. Continued surveillance for COVID-19 cases and maintaining effective preventive measures are recommended to control the epidemic spread in conjunction with a national vaccination campaign to achieve the desired level of herd immunity against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Loss of Employment and Reduction of Income during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Maranhão State, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Simple Random Sample ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Medium Level

To estimate the prevalence and factors associated to the loss of employment and reduction of income during the covid-19 pandemic in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. A population-based household survey was performed, from October 19 to 30, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. The sample selection was carried out in three stages (stratum, census tracts and households). After systematic analysis, thirty sectors were selected in each stratum, totaling 150 sectors, with the number of households in each sector set at 34 households, totaling 5,100 households and one inhabitant per household (resident for at least six months and with 1-year-old or more) selected by simple random sample. To this research were analyzed 3,297 inhabitants among 18 and 64 years old. The Loss of employment and income from the pandemic was questioned. Descriptive analysis (weighted frequency) and Pearson’s chi-square test were performed to verify univariate association between independent variables and the outcome (p < 0.05). The prevalence of loss of employment and income was 12.1% (95%CI 10.5–13.7%), but another 39.7% (95% CI 37.3–42.1%) were already out of the market before the pandemic. This loss was statistically greater among residents of the largest and wealthiest cities in the state (stratum with the state capital: 22.7%; 95% CI 18.8–27.2; and in cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants: 12.4%; 95% CI 9.9–15.6), male (14.3%; 95% CI 11.9–17.3; p = 0.037), middle-aged adults between 30 and 49 years (15.3%; 95% CI 12.8–18.2; p = 0.001), medium level (15.3%; 95% CI 12.9–18.1; p = 0.003) and higher education (14.4%; 95% CI 9.4–21.5; p = 0.003) and users of public transportation (14.6%; 95% CI 12.4–17.2; p = 0.005), and among those who received this aid was much higher (50.4%; 95% CI 33.2–67.4; p = 0.001). The results showed a relevant prevalence of loss of work and income in Maranhão and its association with individual and contextual factors. They revealed the groups and contexts most affected socioeconomically by the pandemic and that should deserve special attention from public income transfer strategies.

scholarly journals SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTI-MEASLES IGG IN THE POPULATION OF KHARKIV REGION IN 2018-2019

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Igor Yudin ◽  
Irina Kuchma ◽  
Andriy Voliansky
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Specific Igg Antibodies

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate herd immunity against measles in different age groups of the Kharkiv region of Ukraine’s population. Materials and methods. Seroprevalence of specific IgG antibodies was studied among different age groups of the Kharkiv region population from February 2018 to July 2019 by ELISA method. Results. A number of 6564 sera samples were processed. The overall seropositivity level was 91.3%; negative results were 5.3% and 3.3% equivocal. The highest seropositivity for IgG (> 98%) was in people aged 50 years and older. The lowest seropositivity rates were observed in the cohorts of 20-29 years (87.2%), 30-39 years (86.9%), and 40-49 years (91.1%). Conclusions. Measles-susceptible populations were identified for which new prevention strategies should be applied in the form of personalized vaccination campaigns to increase herd immunity.

scholarly journals Assessment of Population Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Virus in the Rostov Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
E. B. Ezhlova ◽  
A. A. Mel’nikova ◽  
A. K. Noskov ◽  
E. V. Kovalev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Education Professionals ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
High Level

By August 2020, more than 850000 cases of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by SARSCoV-2 were confirmed in the Russian Federation, with the Rostov Region as one of the ten most affected regions in Russia. The spread of the disease is largely determined by the state of population immunity in a certain area. Our research focuses on specific humoral immune response and estimates the level of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus among the population of the Rostov Region.Materials and methods. The study involved 3,048 people; the volunteers participating in the study were divided into seven age groups. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined applying ELISA using a kit for the analysis of human serum or blood plasma for the presence of specific IgG to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, manufactured by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk) in accordance with the instructions for use.Results and discussion. The assessment of seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 in the Rostov Region showed that the proportion of people positive for IgG to the new coronavirus was 16.5 %, the range of seropositive individuals in the general population was between 13.9 % and 19.1 % (p<0.05). There were no significant gender differences in the degree of seroprevalence with a positive result registered in 16.6 % of women and 16.5 % of men. A high level of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 was established in individuals aged 1–17 against the background of low incidence rates, which may indicate the dominance of asymptomatic forms of the disease in this age group. The highest level of seropositivity was found in preschool children (33.6 %), students (29.3 %), employees (17.3 %), and education professionals (15.3 %). 

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