scholarly journals Structure: Activity and Emerging Applications of Spices and Herbs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo ◽  
Tshianeo Mellda Ndou ◽  
Mercy Adewumi Alabi ◽  
Hosana Dumisani Mkoyi ◽  
Erinfolami Motunrayo Enitan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growth Economic ◽  
Beauty Products ◽  
Herbs And Spices

Herbs and spices are plant parts (herbs from leaves and spices from other parts) that are conventionally used in their fresh or dried state for flavouring, natural condiments, preservatives and for medicinal purposes. Worldwide, most spices are classified on the basis of taste, season of growth, economic importance, growth habit and plant part used. Black pepper, chilies, small cardamom, ginger and turmeric are some of the widely used spices while common herbs include thyme, basil and bay leaves. These herbs are basically classified according to usage, active constituents and period of life. Secondary metabolites such as Eugenol, thymol, limonene, cuminaldehyde, curcumin, piperine, quercetin, luteolin in these plant parts have been found to be responsible for anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic effects. Their application in water fortification, milk and cheese processing, production of beauty products and pesticides among others could not be underestimated. Finally, adulteration, toxicity and allergic reactions are some of the identified limitations and challenges often encountered in the use of herbs and spices.

scholarly journals Gentiana asclepiadea L. from Two High Mountainous Habitats: Inter- and Intrapopulation Variability Based on Species’ Phytochemistry

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Zorica Popović ◽  
Dijana Krstić-Milošević ◽  
Milena Marković ◽  
Vera Vidaković ◽  
Srđan Bojović
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Clear Separation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Intrapopulation Variability ◽  
Population Origin

Natural populations of Gentiana asclepiadea L., located at two mountainous sites, were HPLC-analyzed regarding the contents of six representative secondary metabolites. The contents of swertiamarin (SWM), gentiopicrin (GP), sweroside (SWZ), mangiferin (MGF), isoorientin (ISOOR), and isovitexin (ISOV) were determined in six populations (three per study site), and separately for aboveground and belowground plant parts. PCA showed a clear separation of four groups according to the contents of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Out of six analyzed compounds, five were present in all samples and only one (SWZ) was found in Golija populations (belowground parts) but not in Vlasina populations, and its presence can be indicative of the geolocation of populations. Clear separation of groups was mostly affected by the different contents of chemical compounds in plant parts (aboveground versus belowground) and by the differences related to population origin (higher content of SWM and GP in belowground parts of individuals from Vlasina populations and higher content of MGF and ISOOR of individuals from Golija populations). The results of this study contribute to the spatiochemical profiling of G. asclepiadea populations and a better understanding of inter- and intrapopulation variability of pharmacologically important compounds.

scholarly journals Cytokinin Mediated Increased In Vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites with Special Reference to Solasodine in Solanum erianthum

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. e62-e68
Author(s):  
Jeeta Sarkar ◽  
Nirmalya Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Vitro Production ◽  
Regenerated Plantlets

AbstractSteroid alkaloid solasodine is a nitrogen analogue of diosgenin and has great importance in the production of steroidal medicines. Solanum erianthum D. Don (Solanaceae) is a good source of solasodine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cytokinins on the production of secondary metabolites, especially solasodine in the in vitro culture of S. erianthum. For solasodine estimation, field-grown plant parts and in vitro tissues were extracted thrice and subjected to high-performance liquid Chromatography. Quantitative analysis of different secondary metabolites showed that the amount was higher in the in vitro regenerated plantlets compared to callus and field-grown plants. The present study critically evaluates the effect of the type of cytokinin used in the culture medium on solasodine accumulation in regenerated plants. The highest solasodine content (46.78±3.23 mg g-1) was recorded in leaf extracts of the in vitro grown plantlets in the presence of 6-γ,γ-dimethylallylamino purine in the culture medium and the content was 3.8-fold higher compared to the mother plant.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS OF FOUR VARIETIES OF Hancornia speciosa GOMES (APOCYNACEAE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Dayana Figueiredo Abdalla ◽  
Indiara Nunes Mesquita Ferreira ◽  
Moemy Gomes de Moraes ◽  
Eli Regina Barboza de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Taxonomic Identification ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Isolated Organs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hancornia Speciosa ◽  
Botanical Varieties

Hancornia speciosa Gomes, known as mangaba or mangabeira, is a plant species of the family Apocynaceae with botanical varieties occurring in several regions of Brazil. The species is of considerable ecological and economic importance in the food, timber, latex and medicinal industries. Four different varieties of H. speciosa occur in Cerrado. Anatomical characteristics contribute to the taxonomic identification of plants, including those of isolated organs such as leaves, roots, stems, fruits and seeds. Thus, the present work investigated the anatomical characteristics and the location of the main classes of secondary metabolites of the fruits of H. speciosa var. pubescens, H. speciosa var. gardneri, H. speciosa var. speciosa and H. speciosa var. cuyabensis to assist in distinguishing the varieties. Fruits were collected, preserved and fixed following usual methods for anatomical and histochemical analyses. All varieties under study showed similarities in anatomical characteristics and in the distribution of metabolites in the fruits, with the exception of the anatomy of the exocarp, where the occurrence of trichomes differed among the varieties of H. speciosa.

scholarly journals INSIGHT INTO PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Greeshma G.M ◽  
Manoj G.S ◽  
Murugan K
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Insight Into

Historically, Bryophytes were accounted to be a monophyletic group and were placed in an inclusive Bryophyta. Some species are aquatic though some can adapt and live in arid regions. Bryophytes size ranges from microscopic to 12 inches in length, the average size is between 0.5 – 2 inches long and colors vary from green to black and sometimes colorless. Bryophytes plays a vital role in the biosphere even their size is insignificant. As a biotic factor in the environment, they provide food for numerous herbivorous birds and animals. They prevent soil erosion by carpeting the soil. Bryophytes cause the outer portion of rock to slowly crumble as they grow with lichens on rock surfaces. And because of it they contribute and help to soil formation. When mixed with the soil, bryophytes increase the water-holding capacity of the soil and the amount of organic matter in the soil. Some bryophytes like sphagnum or peat moss has some economicimportance. It is used as packing material for breakable or fragile objects such as figurines and dinnerware’s. It is also used as packing materials for transporting plants and plant parts, since sphagnum holds water and hence prevent plants from drying during transport. As a whole, bryophytes are of little economic importance to man.

Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Trace Elements in Gentiana macrophylla Flowers: A Potential Medicinal Plant Part

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-xue Niu ◽  
Xiao-wen Chen ◽  
He Su ◽  
A. Egrinya Eneji ◽  
Yu-hai Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Gentiana Macrophylla

Laboratory Assessment of Molluscicidal and Cercaricidal Activities of Balanites aegyptiaca against Vectors of Schistosomiasis (Biomphalaria pfeifferi)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-486
Author(s):  
Muhammad Isa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Part ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Activity Test

Studies were conducted on assessment of molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of leaves, fruits and endocarp of Balanite aegyptiaca Del against adult vectors of schistosomiasis (Biomphlaria Pfeifeferi) using standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted, where alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids were found present in leaves, fruits, and endocarp. Molluscicidal and cercaricidal activity test were also conducted. Snail mortalities were compared between each plant part and snail specie as well as LC50 of the plant parts were also recorded. The result obtained revealed that leaves extract was more susceptible to the death of the snail species. Comparing LC50, the leaves extract shows 0.0726 considered as the highest cercaricidal while fruits and endocarp showed highest LC50of 0.0531 and 0.0426 respectively. Keywords: Balanites Aegyptiaca, Molluscicidal, Cercaricidal Activities, Schistosomiasis (Biomphalaria pfeifferi).

Microbiological Survey of Retail Herbs and Spices from Mexican Markets

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANTOS GARCÍA ◽  
FABIOLA IRACHETA ◽  
FERNANDO GALVÁN ◽  
NORMA HEREDIA
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Garlic Powder ◽  
Glass Containers ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Herbs And Spices

In the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in Mexico were analyzed for the presence of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. Samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. High levels (105 to 107 CFU/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of the samples of garlic powder, cumin seed, and black pepper. Lower levels (<102 CFU/g) were found in oregano and bay leaves. Total and fecal coliforms counts were dependent on the type of packaging. More than 70% of the polyethylene-packaged samples had less than 103 CFU/g of microorganisms. Glass and nonpackaged spices showed lower levels of these microorganisms. B. cereus was present in 32 samples of which most were polyethylene packaged. The other pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Aspergillus niger was detected in 29% of the samples, Rhizopus sp. in 19%, and Penicillum sp. and Cunninghamella in 8%.

scholarly journals Plant Part Age and Size Affect Sessile Macrobenthic Assemblages Associated with a Foliose Red Algae Phycodrys rubens in the White Sea

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Chava ◽  
Anna Artemieva ◽  
Eugeniy Yakovis
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
White Sea ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
The White Sea ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Total Cover ◽  
Macrobenthic Assemblages

Facilitation by foundation species commonly structures terrestrial and marine communities. Intraspecific variation in individual properties of these strong facilitators can affect the whole suite of the dependent taxa. Marine macroalgae often act as ecosystem engineers, providing shelter and substrate for numerous associated organisms. Epibiosis of foliose red algae, however, remains underexplored, especially in the high latitudes. Here we studied sessile macrobenthic assemblages associated with a foliose red algae Phycodrys rubens in the White Sea (66° N) shallow subtidal, and the effect of individual plant properties on their structure. The blades of P. rubens develop annually, and it is possible to tell the young (usually larger) plant parts from the old ones. We hypothesized that epibenthic community structure depends on plant part age and size. We examined epibiosis on 110 plants at two sites, and the results generally supported our hypotheses. Old plant parts were several times smaller, and had higher total cover than young parts. Sponges strongly dominated the epibiosis on old parts, and young parts were dominated by polychaetes and bryozoans. Plant part surface area negatively correlated with total cover on young parts, while on old parts the relatioship was location-specific. On young parts the relative abundance of a polychaete Circeis armoricana increased with surface area, and the proportion of sponges decreased. The patterns indicate that epibenthic community structure is linked to the demography of an ecosystem engineer.

scholarly journals Temperature Relationships of Peanut Leaf Canopy, Stem, and Fruit in Soil of Varying Temperature and Moisture

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Sanders ◽  
Paul D. Blankenship ◽  
Richard J. Cole ◽  
Robert A. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Peanut Plant ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Cooling Coils

Abstract Physiological processes of plants are affected by temperature and temperature variation of individual plant parts has been demonstrated to affect such physiological interactions as source-sink relationships. Determination of plant part temperatures in relation to the surrounding environment, especially during stress, may provide significant information relative to how plants respond to various stress environments. To determine peanut plant part temperatures in various environments, rainfall control research plots equipped either with heating cables or cooling coils were utilized to grow Florunner peanuts and implement treatments of various soil temperatures under water stress and irrigated conditions. Peanut stem and pod temperatures were monitored automatically at 2-hr intervals with attached and implanted thermocouples. Canopy temperatures, determined by infrared thermometry, were related to water stress but were apparently unrelated to varying soil tempertures. Late-season, afternoon (1:00 p.m.) canopy temperature in the irrigated treatment averaged 28.5 C and mean canopy temperatures in all water stressed treatments were 35±1 C. Late-season plant stem temperature/soil temperature means in irrigated, water stressed-heated soil, water stressed, and water stressed-cooled soil treaments were 21.6 C/21.6 C, 25.2 C/30.2 C, 25.0 C/ 25.C, and 23.3 C/ 20.6 C, respectively. Peanut pod temperatures ranged higher and lower than soil temperature in each plot and maximum pod temperatures often occurred earlier than maximum soil temperature. Concurrent pod, stem, and air maximum and minimum temperatures suggest the strong influence of aerial plant-part temperatures on temperatures of the subterranean fruit. The results of this study show the effect of moisture and temperature stress on peanut plant part temperatures and demonstrate the relationships which result from the unique subterranean fruiting habit.

Ratios of strontium-85 to cations for crops and soils of Greece

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Papanicolaou ◽  
C. G. Apostolakis ◽  
V. Skarlou ◽  
C. Nobeli ◽  
P. Kritidis
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
And Chemical Properties

SummaryIn a glasshouse pot experiment in Athens, Greece in 1989, 85Sr to calcium observed ratios (OR) based on the values of exchangeable Ca instead of soil Ca (ORexCa), were determined for crops or plant parts grown in eight soils widely differing in their physical and chemical properties. Compared to the values of concentration ratio (CRs) the values of ORexCa did not show as wide variation with the soil type. They were relatively constant and usually not related to soil properties. The ORexCa values were essentially the same as OR values for the non-calcareous soils and much smaller than the OR values for calcareous soils, considering as soil Ca in the calculation of OR, the sum exchangeable, watersoluble and CaCO3 Ca.The values of 85Sr/Ca + Mg observed ratios (ORexCaMg) were just as good as the ORexCa values, while those of 85Sr/Ca + Mg + K + Na (ORex bases) showed more variation.Highly significant (P <0·01) correlations were observed between the fractions of the observed ratios ORexCa, ORexCaMg and ORex bases, for each crop or plant part tested.

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