The High Cost of Regulating Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Very Large Array ◽  
Distributional Consequences ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Regulation Costs

Housing prices have risen in the United States and Hong Kong mostly because of the high regulation costs of development. In each of the developed countries, a very large array of complex regulations has made development difficult and effectively prevented housing supply from responding to demand. The problem is not market competition, but government regulations that prevent markets from functioning properly. The rising ratio of capital to income is almost entirely due to the rise of housing. What begins initially as inequality in housing wealth gets transmitted into the next generation and is transformed into other forms of inequality, in particular inequality in opportunities, with other distributional consequences.

An update on the epidemiology, length of stay, and cost of Kawasaki disease hospitalisation in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (06) ◽  
pp. 828-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmi V. Ghimire ◽  
Fu-Sheng Chou ◽  
Narayan B. Mahotra ◽  
Sharan P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Coronary Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospital Charge ◽  
Acquired Heart Disease ◽  
The Developed Countries

AbstractBackground:Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in the developed countries.Methods:Data from hospital discharge records were obtained from the National Kids Inpatient Database for years 2009 and 2012. Hospitalisations by months, hospital regions, timing of admission, insurance types, and ethnicity were analysed. Length of stay and total charges were also analysed.Results:There were 10,486 cases of Kawasaki disease from 12,678,005 children hospitalisation. Kawasaki disease was more common between 0 and 5 years old, in male, and in Asian. The January–March quarter had the highest rate compared to the lowest in the July–September quarter (OR=1.62, p < 0.001). Admissions on the weekend had longer length of stay [4.1 days (95 % CI: 3.97–4.31)] as compared to admissions on a weekday [3.72 days (95 % CI: 3.64–3.80), p < 0.001]. Blacks had the longest length of stay and whites had the shortest [4.33 days (95 % CI: 4.12–4.54 days) versus 3.60 days (95 % CI: 3.48–3.72 days), p < 0.001]. Coronary artery aneurysm was identified in 2.7 % of all patients with Kawasaki disease. Children with coronary artery aneurysm were hospitalised longer and had higher hospital charge. Age, admission during weekend, and the presence of coronary artery aneurysm had significant effect on the length of stay.Conclusions:This report provides the most updated epidemiological information on Kawasaki disease hospitalisation. Age, admissions during weekend, and the presence of coronary artery aneurysm are significant contributors to the length of stay.

Foundations of International Aid

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Jane M. Hoey
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Individual

The newly developing countries desire not only political independence but also economic progress for their people—a progress which they can see, and are now aware of, in the rest of the world. The role of the developed countries is to extend aid to the needy. Moral foundations underlie the donor's contributions, but they are more than that, they are the means for acquiring support for international aid in the donor's country. The United States must assume the leader ship among' the free nations in granting aid; she must accept this role because of her economic achievements and technologi cal advantages. Donators of such aid should take cognizance of the complementary character and interrelatedness of economic and social development. For economic development, however much it is sought, is not an end in itself, rather the aim is the well-being and happiness of the individual. Such a goal neces sitates economic aid accompanied by social aid. Social welfare can also be a vehicle to achieve peace, inasmuch as people-to- people relationships generate brotherly love—the only lasting foundation for peace.—Ed.

Perspectives from Four Stages of Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Fox ◽  
Mor Bakhoum
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Developed Countries

This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.

The Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Publications: A Holistic Evolution of Global Literature with Bibliometric Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gül Doğan ◽  
Hülya İpek
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Number Of Publications

Abstract Introduction Despite the fact that necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the reasons for morbidity and mortality in the newborn intensive care units, the literature indicates no bibliometric studies that made a holistic evaluation of the publications on this issue. This study aims to make a holistic evaluation of NEC publications to reveal the latest developments and trend topics. Materials and Methods Bibliometric analyses were performed by retrieving all the publications in Web of Science (WoS: Web of Science Core Collection database maintained by Clarivate Analytics) database between 1980 and 2018 using the “necrotizing enterocolitis” keyword. The correlations between economic productivity, humanity index, and performances of the countries on the topic of NEC were investigated with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results A review of the related literature indicated 2,968 publications on NEC between 1980 and 2018. Of these publications, 1,690 (56.9%) were indexed in the article document category in WoS. There was an important increasing trend in the number of publications after 2006. Results of the present study showed that the Journal of Pediatric Surgery and Journal of Pediatrics were the top effective journal that contributed to the literature in terms of publication productivity. The top productive country that produced most publications about NEC was the United States (863, 51.1%). Conclusion Research on NEC is conducted in a limited number of countries. There seem to be more research opportunities in the developed countries because survival rates of premature babies having a disease like NEC are lower in the undeveloped countries, and survival rates are higher in developed countries due to appropriate intensive care conditions. Therefore, undeveloped countries should be supported in terms of NEC and provided with funds.

scholarly journals The Operation Mechanism of Emission Right Trading and Analysis on the Operation Effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Ding Shanshan ◽  
Duan Jindong
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Operation Mechanism ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
General Operation

The current environment pollution problem is becoming increasingly serious in the world, many solutions are being explored. Emission right trading as a means which can promote economic development and protect the ecological environment has attracted more and more attention of international society. With China’s increasing emphasis on environmental governance problem, it is important to be familiar with emission right trading and the general operation mechanism. Referring to the successful operation experience of the developed countries such as the United States, undoubtedly has important effect on promoting China’s relevant management departments and enterprises in energy-saving emission reduction work.

Population, Development, and the Environment: Trends and Key Issues in the Developed Countries

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Commoner
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Good Population ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Relative Change

The quantitative relationship between environmental degradation (pollution) and the factors that influence it can be expressed by the identity: Pollution = population × (good/population) × (pollution/good), where “affluence” is expressed as good/population and the technology of production as pollution/good. Annual data for the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from mobile sources and for the use of pesticides and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from agriculture, for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United States, were analyzed to determine the relative change in the three factors over the period 1970–1987. In each case the considerable variation in pollutant emissions among the different countries is most closely related to the concomitant change in the technology factor (pollution/good). In contrast, there is much less variation among the countries in the population and “affluence” factors, which are consequently uncorrected with the variation in pollutant emissions. The data show that the change in production technology is by far the most important of the several factors responsible for changes in pollution emission.

At a Glance…

2006 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
List Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Investment Rates ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Global Growth ◽  
Very High ◽  
Better Than

•The global growth rate is expected to exceed 5 per cent this year with growth continuing at above 4½ per cent per annum into 2008.•Over the second half of this decade France, Germany and Japan are expected to perform better than the United States.•Adjustment in the United States housing market is unlikely to lead to a recession there.•Investment rates in China are very high. A sharp reduction in Chinese investment would have a clear impact on growth in the developed countries.•Inflation is expected to rise slightly in the Euro Area and Japan but to decline in the United States.

scholarly journals Convergence, trade and industrial policy: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the international economy, 1900–1980

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Bértola ◽  
Gabriel Porcile
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Pattern Of Specialization ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThis paper discusses the economic performance of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) from a comparative perspective, using as a benchmark a group of four developed countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). The focus is on the relative performance within the region and between the Latin American countries and the developed countries in the period 1900–1980. The paper argues that Argentina and Uruguay benefited from a privileged position in international markets at the beginning of the 20th century and this allowed them to converge. However, they failed to adjust to the major long-run change in the pattern of world trade brought about by World War I and the Great Depression, which implied a persistent decline of their export markets. On the other hand, Brazil, after having been much less successful until 1930, grew at higher rates thereafter based on rapid structural change and the building up of competitive advantages in new industrial sectors. The more vigorous Brazilian policy for industrialization and export diversification may explain why Brazil succeeded in changing its pattern of specialization, while Argentina and Uruguay were locked in to the old pattern. A typology of convergence regimes is suggested based on the growth experience of these countries.

Problems and Suggestions of Chinese Highway Bridge Seismic Design

2013 ◽  
Vol 574 ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Xiu Yun Gao ◽  
Shao Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Response Spectrum ◽  
Highway Bridges ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Highway Bridge ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
New Codes ◽  
Single Standard ◽  
The Developed Countries

The seismic design of Chinese Highway Bridge changed from single standard of fortification and one-step design performed nearly two decades to two-level fortification and two-stage design with the introduction of the new codes in 2008 and 2011. However, there are some shortcomings of the new codes such as the choice of response spectrum type, the determination of reinforced concrete constitutive relation, the discrimination of site-type and the bearing checking items, which leave a large room for improvement. Combined with the design codes of the developed countries like Japan and the United States, some useful suggestions are put forward in this paper for Chinese existing design codes. It is believed that Chinese seismic levels can be significantly increased so long as highway bridges are designed in accordance with the improved codes.

The Growth of the Engineering Profession: Statistics and Conjecture

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Manpower Needs

The Engineering Profession in the developed countries has greatly increased in numerical strength in recent years but the future pattern is not clear and forecasts of manpower needs in industry are unreliable. Nevertheless, statistics indicate that the United States has, relative to the industrial population as a whole, a clear advantage in technological manpower in the Western World though Russia may, perhaps, be even stronger. The difficulty of evaluating the evidence is stressed. In the world as a whole international co-operation tends to reduce the inequalities of distribution but an enormous task lies before the developing countries which need to produce and retain many more engineers.

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