“Since I Was a Citizen, I Had the Right to Attend the Library”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Knowlton
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Campaign ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Right

This essay concerns the fight to desegregate Memphis libraries, which encompassed not only legal challenges but also a 1960 sit-in campaign that inspired direct action protests throughout the city. Allegra Turner sought access to the white-only Cossitt Library in 1949, and eight years later her husband Jesse Turner led a public campaign to desegregate the public libraries. In a way, this struggle serves as a microcosm of the larger civil rights struggle in the Bluff City. While the white leaders of Memphis did not encourage the violence against civil right protesters seen in other southern cities, they were slow and reluctant to open the library to readers of all races—and the library was the first public institution to be desegregated. The 1960 sit-in campaign provided a critical mass mobilization that helped drive desegregation, even as the public libraries continued to reflect patterns of racial inequality.

Claiming Martin Luther King, Jr. for the right: The Martin Luther King Day holiday in the Reagan era

2021 ◽  
pp. 175069802199593
Author(s):  
Francesca Polletta ◽  
Alex Maresca
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
General Abstract ◽  
The Right ◽  
Reagan Era ◽  
Martin Luther King ◽  
Roll Back

The article traces how American conservatives laid claim to the memory of Martin Luther King, Jr. We focus on a key moment in that process, when Republicans in the early 1980s battled other Republicans to establish King’s birthday as a federal holiday and thereby distinguish a conservative position on racial inequality from that associated with southern opposition to civil rights. The victory was consequential, aiding the New Right’s efforts to roll back gains on affirmative action and other race-conscious policies. We use the case to explore the conditions in which political actors are able to lay claim to venerated historical figures who actually had very different beliefs and commitments. The prior popularization of the figure makes it politically advantageous to identify with his or her legacy but also makes it possible to do so credibly. As they are popularized, the figure’s beliefs are made general, abstract, and often vague in a way that lends them to appropriation by those on the other side of partisan lines. Such appropriation is further aided by access to a communicative infrastructure of foundations, think tanks, and media outlets that allows political actors to secure an audience for their reinterpretation of the past.

Social and Economic Factors and Negro Voter Registration in the South

1963 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Matthews ◽  
James W. Prothro
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Voter Registration ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The South ◽  
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ◽  
Congress Of Racial Equality ◽  
The Right

The vote is widely considered the southern Negro's most important weapon in his struggle for full citizenship and social and economic equality. It is argued that “political rights pave the way to all others.” Once Negroes in the South vote in substantial numbers, white politicians will prove responsive to the desires of the Negro community. Also, federal action on voting will be met with less resistance from the white South—and southerners in Congress—than action involving schools, jobs, or housing.Such, at least, seems to have been the reasoning behind the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, both of which deal primarily with the right to vote. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and his predecessor, Herbert Brownell, are both reported to believe that the vote provides the southern Negro with his most effective means of advancing toward equality, and recent actions of the Justice Department seem to reflect this view. Many Negro leaders share this belief in the over-riding importance of the vote. Hundreds of Negro registration drives have been held in southern cities and counties since 1957. Martin Luther King, usually considered an advocate of non-violent direct action, recently remarked that the most significant step Negroes can take is in the “direction of the voting booths.” The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, historically identified with courtroom attacks on segregation, is now enthusiastically committed to a “battle of the ballots.” In March, 1962, the Southern Regional Council announced receipt of foundation grants of $325,000 to initiate a major program to increase Negro voter registration in the South. The Congress of Racial Equality, the NAACP, the National Urban League, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee are among the organizations now participating in the actual registration drives.

scholarly journals MANAGING PUBLIC PROCUREMENT APPEALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Anna SLOBODIANYK ◽  
Nadiya REZNIK
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
The Public ◽  
Procurement Contract ◽  
Procurement Procedure ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Procurement System

Introduction. The main purpose of the public procurement system is determined by the need to ensure efficient use of budget funds in the development of competition, transparency and openness of the procurement process organization. The purpose of the research is to conduct the process analysis of contesting the public procurement procedure by tenderers. Results. The authors argue that evaluating the dispute resolution effectiveness between the complainant and the customer on the basis of the balance of rights, interests, and objectives of the procurement law is, in practice, an extremely difficult issue that must be resolved in each individual case. The specifics of determining the procurement subject by the customer are highlighted in such a way as to preserve the right to choose the product that suits him best and not to buy the cheapest existing product on the market, such as paper according to certain parameters of density and level of linen. But if the customer has already defined in the tender documentation technical and the qualitative characteristics of the procurement subject, he has no right to further deviate from them when selecting the winner. It is proved that the appeal procedure is created specifically to ensure a quick and professional settlement of conflicts between the participant or potential participant of the procurement procedure and the customer regarding the actions of the customer, which violate the right of such participant in the procurement procedure and the conclusion of the contract with the customer. Attention is drawn to the appeal terms of the tender documentation claim being challenged and the possible addition of justification for the need to amend the conditions of the tender documentation with the opportunity to give additional evidence. Conclusions. From the moment of the procurement contract conclusion between the state customer and the successful tenderer, classic private legal relations emerge, and consequently, after the conclusion of the procurement contract for public funds, which is the final stage of the procurement procedures, civil rights and obligations arise between the parties, and consequently civil rights and obligations arise to appeal the procurement procedure. Keywords: public procurement; body of appeal; tender documentation; the subject of the appeal; legislation on public procurement.

scholarly journals Mediator w postępowaniu administracyjnym

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1 (4)) ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Wiktor Trybka
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Case Files ◽  
Administrative Proceedings ◽  
The Right ◽  
Procedural Rights

Amending the Code of Administrative Procedure, the legislator decided to introduce the possibility of conducting mediation proceedings. A mediator may be a natural person who has full legal capacity and exercises full civil rights. The mediator’s role is to ensure the conduct of the mediation process. They have the responsibility to stimulate the initiative of the parties by means of appropriate mediation techniques, as well as to create an appropriate climate of conversation, based on mutual trust and respect. The mediator uses procedural rights, which include: the right to read the case files and the right to remuneration and reimbursement of expenses related to mediation. The Code of Administrative Procedure also imposes procedural obligations on the mediator: it must maintain impartiality in the conduct of mediation and draw up a report on mediation. Participants in the mediation are also parties of the administrative proceedings and a public administration body. The task of the public administration body is to determine whether the arrangements made by the parties with the participation of the mediator fall within the scope of the generally applicable law.

Political rights

2021 ◽  
pp. 263-270
Author(s):  
William A. Schabas
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right ◽  
As If

Political rights are often grouped with civil rights as if both adjectives apply to certain categories, and some fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, can be described as belonging to both categories. But the concept of political rights has an autonomous meaning. It applies specifically to the democratic vision of human rights, encompassing the right to participate in government, the right to vote and the right to participate in government. Elections must be both genuinie and periodic, based upon universal and equal suffrage and by secret vote or an equivalent free voting procedure. Equal access to the public service is also comprised within political rights.

Defending Corporate Identity on New Spain's Northeastern Frontier: San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala, 1780-1810

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie S. Offutt
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Corporate Identity ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Municipal Council ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church ◽  
Do So

In 1808, confronted with the latest in a lengthy series of legal challenges to its corporate landholdings, the municipal council of the Indian town of San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala, in the northeastern province of Coahuila in New Spain, dispatched a blistering note to its counterpart in the adjoining Spanish town of Saltillo. The question of the moment concerned the right of Saltillo residents José Miguel and Juan González to route water they claimed in one place to property San Esteban had earlier allowed them to farm in another. But to do so meant that the water would be directed across lands belonging to San Esteban. When the Indian town denied them this right, the brothers protested vigorously. They contended that agriculture was, after all, the mainstay of the local economy. It benefited the public, the king, the church, and particularly the families of the pueblo itself. To deny these two farmers access to their water was to jeopardize agricultural production in the area. Further, they argued, San Esteban possessed much uncultivated arid land; perhaps the pueblo should consider renting some of the Gonzálezes' water as it flowed across the town's properties. Implicit in this suggestion was the assumption that San Esteban residents could not deal with what they had, that they were wasteful in utilizing their resources, and that Spaniards, in this particular case the brothers González, were better equipped to exploit the resources of the community.

scholarly journals Prinsip Hukum Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Pung Karnantohadi*
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
The Public ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Integrated Service

This research entitled “Law Principle of One-Stop Integrated Service”. The preambule of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia mandated that the objective of the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia was to advance public welfare and educate the life of the nation. The mandate implies that the state is obliged to fulfill the needs of every citizen through a system of government that supports the creation of excellent public services in order to meet the basic needs and civil rights of every citizen of public goods, public services, and administrative services.The philosophical foundation of the obligation of every person to have permission to carry out their activities is contained in the provisions of Article 28J paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (Amendment), which aims to respect the human rights of other people in an orderly society, nation and state. In accordance with the provisions of Article 28 Paragraph (2) of the 1945Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (Amendment), permission is a limitation of one's right to provide facilities to the community in the One Stop Integrated Service (PTSP) in the provisions of Article 28 H paragraph (2) The Republic of Indonesia in 1945 (Amendment), which reads "everyone has the right to receive facilities and special treatment to obtain the same opportunities and benefits in order to achieve equality and justice. The One Stop Integrated Licensing Service is a licensing service model that integrates the authority of the licensing agency, so that legal figures in the One Stop Integrated Licensing Service are legislation that regulates the mapermits,  among  others in  the  form of  regulations regions and  regional  head regulations. Based on the principle of bevogheid zonder verantwoordlijkheid, each permit issuer can be held accountable for the permit issued or rejected, so that the public or applicant can submit legal protection efforts through the judicial institution (State Administrative Court). Legal remedies carried out by permit applicants or the public are also a form of legal protection for permit issuers in measuring the validity of issuing decisions.

scholarly journals Improvement of legal support of training of members of civil formations by National Police bodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ryzhkova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Order ◽  
The Public ◽  
Special Training ◽  
Village Council ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Police

The administrative and legal status of public formations in the protection of public order and the state border is regulated by the Law of Ukraine "On Participation of Citizens in the Protection of Public Order and the State Border". This law gives members of public formations the right to apply preventive measures to offenders, to draw up reports on administrative offenses, to apply in the established order measures of physical influence, special means of protection. To deliver to the bodies of the National Police, to the units of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, the headquarters of the public formation for the protection of public order or public order, the premises of the executive body of the village, village council of persons who have committed administrative offenses, in order to terminate it other measures of influence, identification of the violator, drawing up a report on an administrative offense in case of impossibility to draw it up at the place of the offense, if drawing up a report is mandatory, etc. important in this context is the observance of the law by members of public formations (hereinafter - GF), human and civil rights and freedoms, respect for the rights to liberty and security of person while ensuring public order and security. Given the specifics of the implementation of members of public formations of law enforcement functions, relevant issues of organizational and legal nature related to preparation by authorized subjects of power, which are defined by the Law "On participation of citizens in the protection of public order and state border" of candidates, as well as members of public formations. The current problems of legal and special training of candidates, as well as members of public formations by the National Police have been identified. The state and international experience of this issue are studied. It is proposed to improve the legal provision of training of members of public formations by the National Police, namely the need to adopt a departmental legal act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Instructions) to establish requirements for professional legal and special training of candidates and members of public formations in public order by the National Police.

Protest Events and Direct Action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne N. Costain ◽  
W. Douglas Costain
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Gender Specific

This chapter reviews literature that asks the following: How do women protest? Are their protests successful? And which is more successful for women, protest or conventional politics? The distinction between protest and conventional politics is less straightforward than it first appears, since the public roles of American men and women have long been gender specific. To look at changes in the way women have used direct action and protest, the chapter examines the anti-slavery, suffrage, civil rights, and second and third wave women’s movements. Context appears to play a large role in shaping the tactics women use within these movements. Scholarship finds that, in general, protest is a necessary component of women’s efforts to achieve their goals. Future research on movements that examines the context of women’s participation across a range of issues should provide a clearer picture of the tactics open to them in specific eras.

scholarly journals ‘CIVES PESSIMO IURE’. AKTORZY A UPRAWNIENIA RZYMSKICH OBYWATELI W PRAWIE PUBLICZNYM REPUBLIKI I WCZESNEGO PRYNCYPATU

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Loska
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
Right To Vote ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

CIVES PESSIMO IURE: ACTORS AND THE RIGHTS OF ROMAN CITIZENS IN THE PUBLIC LAW OF THE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATESummaryRoman public law recognised the following citizens’ rights: the right to serve in the legions, ius suffragii (the right to vote at assemblies of the people), ius honorum (the right to hold office), ius provocationis (the right to appeal to the People’s Assembly against a magistrate’s decision), ius auxilii (the right to obtain assistance from the tribune of the plebs). Sometimes a restriction of a citizen’s civil rights was due to his profession, and the actor’s profession was such a case. The legal status of actors was the resultant of many factors. They performed in public, were paid for their services, and they had a bad reputation. Even actors who were Roman citizens were not entitled to all the public rights. Citizens’ rights were interlinked, hence the lack of one of them could entail further restrictions. A ban on the right to military service prevented actors from voting in the comitia centuriata; and their exclusion from the most important tribus deprived them of the vote in the comitia tributa. Hence there was a restriction on the availability of the ius provocationis to actors; and they could neither vote nor hold office. Thespians could thus be regarded as cives pessimo iure – second-class citizens.

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