Protest Events and Direct Action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne N. Costain ◽  
W. Douglas Costain
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Gender Specific

This chapter reviews literature that asks the following: How do women protest? Are their protests successful? And which is more successful for women, protest or conventional politics? The distinction between protest and conventional politics is less straightforward than it first appears, since the public roles of American men and women have long been gender specific. To look at changes in the way women have used direct action and protest, the chapter examines the anti-slavery, suffrage, civil rights, and second and third wave women’s movements. Context appears to play a large role in shaping the tactics women use within these movements. Scholarship finds that, in general, protest is a necessary component of women’s efforts to achieve their goals. Future research on movements that examines the context of women’s participation across a range of issues should provide a clearer picture of the tactics open to them in specific eras.

Women’s Activism in the Modern Movement for Black Liberation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha A. Upton ◽  
Joyce M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Black Feminism ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Black Power Movement ◽  
Women's Activism ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Modern Movement

This chapter examines women’s activism in the modern movement for Black liberation. It examines women’s roles across three phases of mobilization. Starting with an exploration of women’s participation in the direct action phase of the U.S. civil rights movement (1954–1966), the chapter discusses the key roles that women played in the fight for legal equality for African Americans. Next it examines women’s central role in the Black Power movement of 1966–1974. The authors argue that Black women found new roles in new struggles during this period. The chapter ends with a look at the rise of radical Black feminism between 1974 and 1980, examining the codification of intersectional politics and discussing the continuation of issues of race, privilege, and diversity in contemporary feminism.

“Since I Was a Citizen, I Had the Right to Attend the Library”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Knowlton
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Campaign ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Right

This essay concerns the fight to desegregate Memphis libraries, which encompassed not only legal challenges but also a 1960 sit-in campaign that inspired direct action protests throughout the city. Allegra Turner sought access to the white-only Cossitt Library in 1949, and eight years later her husband Jesse Turner led a public campaign to desegregate the public libraries. In a way, this struggle serves as a microcosm of the larger civil rights struggle in the Bluff City. While the white leaders of Memphis did not encourage the violence against civil right protesters seen in other southern cities, they were slow and reluctant to open the library to readers of all races—and the library was the first public institution to be desegregated. The 1960 sit-in campaign provided a critical mass mobilization that helped drive desegregation, even as the public libraries continued to reflect patterns of racial inequality.

Gender Bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: Audience Perception and Effects

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Karen H. Weiller ◽  
Catriona T. Higgs ◽  
Scott B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Society ◽  
Gender Specific

Sports are omnipresent in American society; available for viewing 24 hours a day and can constitute much of everyday life and conversation. Researchers have indicated that men and women relate to sport differently (Gantz & Wenner, 1991). Evidence shows males outnumber females in sport viewership, and in the past much of the sport programming to which we are exposed caters specifically to men. The purpose of the present study was to explore issues related to audience perception of the 1996 Olympic Games. Participants (125 males and 92 females) ranging from 18 to 40 years of age were administered a gender specific version of the Audience Perception Questionnaires (APQ) following viewing video segments of men’s and women’s competitions (i.e., basketball, gymnastics, swimming and diving, and volleyball). The two versions of the APQ were developed from current literature, and by employing a delphi technique to validate the APQ. Factor analyses resulted in four underlying media perception dimensions: Commentary Coverage, Gender Marking and Stereotyping, Hierarchy of Naming, and Verbal Descriptors. Results revealed perceptions of male and female athletes by the public are influenced to a great degree by gender.

Discrimination Complaints in the U.S. Federal Government: Reviewing Progress Under the No FEAR Act

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen V. Rubin ◽  
Ashley M. Alteri
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Federal Employee ◽  
The Public ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Public And Private Sector

The foundational goal of civil rights legislation is to reduce discrimination, in both the public and private sector. To understand the levels of perceived discrimination in the federal government, this research note examines 9 years of data reported under the requirements of the Notification and Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act of 2002 (No FEAR Act). From 2006 to 2014, less than 1% of federal employees filed discrimination complaints each year, and the discrimination complaint rate did not significantly change over the time period. Race, color, and national origin were the most frequently claimed discrimination bases. Approximately half of all complaints alleged retaliation after filing an initial discrimination claim. In addition, federal employees most frequently claimed that discrimination occurred in the context of nonsexual harassment. This research note describes other trends in discrimination claims and proposes directions for future research.

Democracy, Democratization, and Gender

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Waylen
Keyword(s):  
Women Activists ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Transitions To Democracy ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
And Gender

Democracies and the processes surrounding recent transitions to democracy are gendered in a variety of ways. Recently, feminist scholars have questioned the exclusionary ways in which democracy is both theorized and operationalized and how these have resulted in women and men being incorporated into democratic polities. They have demonstrated how processes of democratization, particularly the third wave of democratization that has taken place over the last three decades, are gendered. They have also shown that women’s movements were key actors in the broad opposition coalitions against many nondemocratic regimes. In order both to understand the differing role of organized women in the subsequent transitions to democracy and the ways in which transition paths affect gender outcomes, feminist scholars have begun to focus on the complex and sometimes contradictory interaction of four variables: the transition; women activists; political parties and politicians involved in the transition; and the institutional legacy of the nondemocratic regime. Two main areas that have been explored in relation to the political outcomes of transitions to democracy are women’s participation in competitive electoral politics and major changes in gender policy. In order to expand one important emerging area of research that is looking at how attempts to establish democracy in post-conflict settings are gendered, feminist scholars with expertise in third wave transitions to democracy need to analyze not only women’s roles in post-conflict institution building but also the ways that the outcomes have gendered implications more systematically.

scholarly journals Gender-Related Beliefs, Norms, and the Link With Green Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyue Zhao ◽  
Yuanchao Gong ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
Yan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Green Products ◽  
Environmental Behaviors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Green Consumption ◽  
The Public ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Although extant literature provided abundant evidence that men and women are different in their environmental behaviors, there is a lack of integration of gender differences in green consumption and the underlying mechanism that associates with these disparities. Therefore, to solve this existing gap, the current paper reviewed existing literature on green consumption with threefold purposes. First, presenting an integrated view of gender-different green consumption patterns along with the relationship of gender-related beliefs and individuals’ pro-environmental behavior based on existing evidence. Second, interpreting how gender differences are generated based on the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory, and the theory of social roles. Third, analyzing previous studies, providing implications for future research, and then proposing suggestions for marketing practitioners in the green products industry. Accordingly, this article compared men’s and women’s different behavior in green consumption and discussed how and why they behave differently. Generally, women show a more positive green consumption intention, consume less carbon, and purchase green products more frequently. Whereas men are doing better than women in terms of environmental knowledge, and in some regions, they express higher concerns about environmental problems. It interprets individual differences in green consumption based on VBN theory from a unique insight—gender. It also identified some barriers for both men and women to participate in green consumption, and then proposed several suggestions to improve the public willingness of engaging in green consumption.

scholarly journals Fear of panoptic surveillance: using digital technology to control the COVID-19 epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Keshet
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Media

Abstract Background In a bid to reduce infection rates by COVID-19 the authorities in some countries, in collaboration with medical regulators and experts, have employed digital technologies to control and regulate citizens’ behavior. Public opinion and the public’s compliance with these technologies come into play here. The objective of the present study was to examine attitudes expressed in the public discourse toward the use of digital technologies to control people’s behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, as reflected in the media. Methods Qualitative analysis was performed on posts and comments submitted in response to 12 articles that appeared on the four leading Israeli news sites, on three significant occasions: first, upon the announcement of the use of surveillance technologies by the Israeli security agency (ISA); second, upon the announcement of the launch of the Health Ministry’s app that tracks contacts with COVID-19 patients; and third, following reports of petitions lodged with Israel’s supreme court challenging the use of surveillance technologies. The analysis was performed using ATLAS-Ti software for systematic analysis. Results A total of 2551 posts and comments referring to these 12 articles were found, 714 of which were relevant to the purpose of the study. The analysis revealed disagreement between those who supported the measures taken and opponents. Supporters regarded contact tracing by means of digital technologies as essential to the effort to protect people during the pandemic, and believed that employing the ISA’s capabilities was the correct way to combat the epidemic. Opponents of the measures rejected the use of tracking technologies, regarding this step as a move toward dictatorship and a violation of fundamental civil rights. Some proposed alternative measures that would obviate the use of such tracking. Conclusions The primary task of medical practice is to heal illness and alleviate suffering. The debate surrounding the employment of digital technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the complexity of the close connection between social control and care in times of pandemic. The context of this pandemic has highlighted the interrelatedness of advanced digital surveillance technologies, medical care, and social control exercised by authorities and medical regulators and experts, which raises issues of transparency, trust and mistrust among the public. These issues become all the more relevant when the number of patients grows rapidly, the authorities need to deal with the extended ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the country has entered a second lockdown, and the public must be persuaded to comply with highly restrictive regulations. Recommendations to policy makers, practical implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Assessments of User Comments With “Alternative Views” as a Function of Media Trust

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marlene Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Online Discussions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Argument Quality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
User Comments ◽  
Media Trust ◽  
Heuristic Information Processing

Abstract. Comments sections under news articles have become popular spaces for audience members to oppose the mainstream media’s perspective on political issues by expressing alternative views. This kind of challenge to mainstream discourses is a necessary element of proper deliberation. However, due to heuristic information processing and the public concern about disinformation online, readers of comments sections may be inherently skeptical about user comments that counter the views of mainstream media. Consequently, commenters with alternative views may participate in discussions from a position of disadvantage because their contributions are scrutinized particularly critically. Nevertheless, this effect has hitherto not been empirically established. To address this gap, a multifactorial, between-subjects experimental study ( N = 166) was conducted that investigated how participants assess the credibility and argument quality of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. The findings revealed that media-dissonant user comments are, indeed, disadvantaged in online discussions, as they are assessed as less credible and more poorly argued than media-congruent user comments. Moreover, the findings showed that the higher the participants’ level of media trust, the worse the assessment of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. Normative implications and avenues for future research are discussed.

Heritage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Shaikh ◽  
Stefano Bonino
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Online Video ◽  
The South ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Community Heritage ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
The Way

The Colourful Heritage Project (CHP) is the first community heritage focused charitable initiative in Scotland aiming to preserve and to celebrate the contributions of early South Asian and Muslim migrants to Scotland. It has successfully collated a considerable number of oral stories to create an online video archive, providing first-hand accounts of the personal journeys and emotions of the arrival of the earliest generation of these migrants in Scotland and highlighting the inspiring lessons that can be learnt from them. The CHP’s aims are first to capture these stories, second to celebrate the community’s achievements, and third to inspire present and future South Asian, Muslim and Scottish generations. It is a community-led charitable project that has been actively documenting a collection of inspirational stories and personal accounts, uniquely told by the protagonists themselves, describing at first hand their stories and adventures. These range all the way from the time of partition itself to resettling in Pakistan, and then to their final accounts of arriving in Scotland. The video footage enables the public to see their facial expressions, feel their emotions and hear their voices, creating poignant memories of these great men and women, and helping to gain a better understanding of the South Asian and Muslim community’s earliest days in Scotland.

Soft Force

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Anne McLarney
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Work ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Global Leader ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Public Sphere

This chapter focuses on the work of Heba Raouf Ezzat. Ranked the thirty-ninth most influential Arab on Twitter, with over 100,000 followers, voted one of the hundred most powerful Arab women by ArabianBusiness.com, and elected a Youth Global Leader by the World Economic Forum, Raouf Ezzat has articulated and disseminated her Islamic politics in a global public sphere. Her writings and lectures develop an Islamic theory of women's political participation but simultaneously address other contested questions about women's leadership, women's work, and women's participation in the public sphere. Heba Raouf Ezzat is one of the most visible public figures in the Arab and Islamic world today, a visibility that began with her book on the question of women's political work in Islam, Woman and Political Work.

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