Nasolabial Angle in Profiles Perceived as Attractive: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekoufeh Mohammadi ◽  
Ladan Eslamian ◽  
Saeed Reza Motamedian
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Profile Characteristics ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
Over Time

Context: The nose and lips area play an important role in facial appearance and nasolabial angle (NLA) can be considered as a determinant factor for attractiveness. The perception of beauty and attractiveness is vastly influenced by media and thus, can change with trends over time. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of literature on NLA in faces perceived as attractive over time and in different ethnic groups. Evidence Acquisition: This study was performed following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline. We conducted an electronic search using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases with the employment of MeSH and free text terms "beauty"[MeSH], "esthetics"[MeSH], "soft tissue", "nasolabial angle", "attractive" and "cephalometric analysis". The inclusion criteria were studies that indicated facial attractiveness by a panel of at least 10 judges, evaluated the soft tissue profile characteristics, and reported the preferred NLA. Results: The search results revealed 271 related articles, of which 21 studies investigated NLA as a conducive factor in profile attractiveness and were included in the review. The range of preferred NLA was 86° to 107° for men and 84° to 123.12° for women. Conclusions: The most pleasing lip position and subsequently NLA is influenced by variables including the observer and subject’s gender, and their ethnic background as well as time. Over all, NLA in faces perceived as attractive is more obtuse in women than men. Compared to white norms, NLA is more acute among Chinese and African-Americans, while amongst Iranian women, it is not distinctly far from North American Caucasians. Over the course of time, preferred NLA has significantly changed in women but has been unwavering in men.

scholarly journals Facial Profile Characteristics Evaluation in a Population of Central Romania Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Manuela Chibelean (Cires-Marginean) ◽  
Anamaria Jurcă ◽  
Sorana-Maria Bucur ◽  
Monica-Cristina Muica (Nagy-Bota) ◽  
Mariana Păcurar
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Caucasian Population ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Student Test ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Profile Characteristics ◽  
The University

Abstract Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the variables that define the facial profile of a sample of the population in the centre of Romania, and to compare male’s and female’s soft tissue profile. These values could be useful in elaborating the aesthetic objectives for treating the population in this area. Material and methods: Fifty subjects were included in the study - patients and students of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș (29 females and 21 males) between 18 to 28 years of age, having dental class I and a balanced profile. The photographs were taken in the natural head position (NHP). The anthropometric points were recorded and four of the angles that characterize a harmonious profile were traced and measured: the nasofrontal angle (G-N-Nd), the nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-Ls), the mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pg), and the facial angle (G-Sn-Pg). Results: The values obtained for the two sexes were compared using the t-student test. All angles had values that were larger for females (nasofrontal: females 137.1 degrees, males 135.79 degrees, p = 0.0019; nasolabial: females 105.3 degrees, males 102.19 degrees, p = 0.00002; mentolabial angle: females 126.07 degrees, males 118.27 degrees, p = 0.000009; facial angle: females 170.32 degrees, males 168.85 degrees, p = 0.0033). Conclusions: Differences between the two sexes were obtained, all angles were statistically significant larger in females. These results show that for the population in the centre of Romania the treatment objectives are different for females and for males. The angular values range between those that characterize the Caucasian population.

scholarly journals Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive and Normal Adolescent Boys and Girls

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Alberto Laino ◽  
Raoul D'Alessio ◽  
Gaia Grandi ◽  
Gianluca Martino Tartaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Attractive Face

Abstract Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian adolescent boys and girls. Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 231 healthy, reference adolescents (10– 17 years old) and in 93 similar age group “attractive” adolescents selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed. Comparisons were made with analysis of variance. Results: Attractive adolescents had wider, shorter, and less deep faces than reference adolescents, with a relatively larger forehead and maxilla, and a reduced mandible relative to the maxilla. Lips were larger and more prominent, and the nasolabial angle was reduced, but in older boys the effect was reversed. The prominence of the soft-tissue profile, and of the maxilla relative to the mandible, were larger in attractive boys, but smaller in attractive girls than in their reference peers. In the horizontal plane, attractive “young” adolescents had a flatter face, while the opposite pattern was observed in the “old” adolescents, with a relatively more prominent chin. Attractive adolescents had smaller noses than reference subjects of the same age and sex. Conclusions: Overall, all the measurements appeared sufficiently homogenous, and the quantitative characteristics of an “attractive” face well defined. Esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal timing and goals in orthodontic treatment.

Soft-tissue profile characteristics in children with beta thalassaemia major

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fariborz Amini ◽  
Ali Borzabadi-Farahani ◽  
Ziba Mashayekhi ◽  
Maryam Pousti ◽  
Maryam Amirtouri
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Thalassaemia Major ◽  
Beta Thalassaemia ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Profile Characteristics

scholarly journals Soft Tissue Profile in White Brazilian Adults with Normal Occlusions and Well-Balanced Faces

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helio Scavone ◽  
Wesley Zahn-Silva ◽  
Karyna Martins do Valle-Corotti ◽  
Ana Carla Raphaelli Nahás
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
American Women ◽  
White American ◽  
North Americans ◽  
The North ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
White American Women

Abstract Objective: To analyze anteroposterior soft tissue facial parameters for a sample of white Brazilian adults and to compare these measurements with the values proposed for white North American adults. Materials and Methods: Facial profile photographs were taken of 59 white Brazilians (30 men and 29 women) with normal occlusions and balanced faces with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years. The independent Student's t-test (P < .05) was used to compare the soft tissue parameters of the Brazilians with those of the North Americans. Results: White Brazilian women presented a less protruded face compared with white American women except for the glabella region. White Brazilian women showed a smaller nasal projection, less protruded upper and lower lips, a more obtuse nasolabial angle, and a smaller projection of the B′ point and chin than white American women. Conversely, the two male groups demonstrated less evident soft tissue profile differences, with the exception of the nose projection, which was smaller in white Brazilian men than in white American men. Conclusions: A universal standard of facial esthetic is not applicable to diverse white populations. Differences regarding the soft tissue profile features were found between white Brazilians and white Americans. These differences should be considered in the orthodontic/orthognathic surgery diagnosis and treatment plan for white Brazilians together with the patient's individual opinion and perception of beauty.

scholarly journals Soft Tissue Profile Changes in Patients With Class II malocclusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Milutinovic ◽  
Zorana Stamenkovic ◽  
Ksenija Zelic ◽  
Nemanja Marinkovic ◽  
Nenad Nedeljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
T Test ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

Abstract BackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify the soft tissue profile outcomes of orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients and to determine if these changes are related with different treatment protocol.MethodsThe sample of this study consisted of 50 Caucasian patients [22 males; 28 females], with a mean age of 15.8 years. The sample was divided in two groups (both groups treated with multibracket therapy): first group was non-extraction group [25 patients] treated first with the Herbst appliance, and second group was four premolars extraction group [25 patients] treated with a multibracket appliance. The patients’ pre- and post-treatment profile photographs were used, and the soft tissue landmarks were identified. Afterwards, the angular parameters were determined on each photo. Paired-sample t-test was used for intragroup comparisons. For testing the differences in all parameter values between groups, two-sample t test was used.ResultsThe improvement in the non-extraction group was evident in the decrease of the nasomental angle [P=0.02], the angle representing the projection of the upper lip to the chin [P=0.01], as well as the upper lip angle [P=0.01]. On the other hand, the nasolabial angle increased significantly [P=0.01], as well as the mentolabial angle [P=0.02]. In the extraction group, the nasolabial angle showed a significant increase [P=0.03]. Two soft tissue variables showed significant differences between the groups: the total facial angle or facial convexity including the nose [P=0.04] and the angle presenting the projection of the upper lip to chin [P=0.01].ConclusionsThe patients treated without extractions showed a significant improvement of the convex profile and favorable soft tissue changes in the lower third of the face. The orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusions induce positive effects on the soft tissue facial profile, which depends on different treatment protocols.

scholarly journals Soft Tissue Profile Response in Adult Orthodontic Patients following Extractions

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 074-080
Author(s):  
Mandeep Bhullar ◽  
Amita Badhan ◽  
Sanjay Mittal ◽  
Isha Aggarwal ◽  
Divya Singla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Premolar Extraction ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Tissue Alteration ◽  
Cephalometric Changes

Abstract Introduction The position of the incisors is considered as a key landmark in treatment planning to provide the patient with the most attractive and well-balanced smile. It is important to quantify the relationship between anteroposterior position of incisors to overlying soft tissue structures. Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate cephalometric changes on the soft tissue profile of the adult patients after first premolar extraction. Materials and Methods The study included pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms of 24 adult patients (Class II div 1 malocclusion and Class I bimaxillary protrusion) treated with preadjusted edgewise appliance following first premolar extractions. Seven angular and twelve linear soft tissue parameters were evaluated. Six hard tissue parameters were evaluated. Results All the linear and angular measurements pertaining to soft tissue and hard tissue showed significant changes. When posttreatment values were compared with pretreatment values, certain parameters (nasolabial angle, Z angle, UL and LL length, and UL strain) were found to be increased, whereas other parameters showed decrease in their posttreatment values. The tissue alteration showed statistically significant increase in nasolabial angle, Z angle, and decrease in soft tissue profile and interlabial gap. Conclusion Facial profile improvement can be enhanced by dentoalveolar and soft tissue retraction following premolar extraction.

scholarly journals Comparison of Reproducibility of Nasolabial Angle Constructed by Anatomic point method and Tangent line method

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Jamal Giri ◽  
Prabhat Ranjan Pokharel ◽  
Rajesh Gyawali ◽  
Bhushan Bhattarai ◽  
Gunjan Kumar Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Principal Investigator ◽  
Tangent Line ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Line Method ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Reproducible Method

Introduction: Investigators have drawn nasolabial angle using different soft tissue landmarks. This has created confusion among the orthodontic students and clinicians regarding its construction.Objective: To evaluate two commonly used methods of constructing the nasolabial angle in order to establish a single reproducible method. Materials & Method: Lateral cephalograms of 120 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were obtained from the records of the patients. Soft tissue profile on the lateral cephalograms were traced manually by the principal investigator. All the tracings were photocopied and 6 copies of each tracing were made. Nasolabial angles were constructed and measured on photocopied copies of the tracings first using the anatomic point method and then using the tangent line method by the principal investigator and another investigator independently.  Result: The average nasolabial angle values for anatomic point method and tangent line method were found to be 94.32° ± 14.05° and 92.4° ± 14.59° respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent intra-observer and interobserver agreement among the two methods of nasolabial angle construction.Conclusion: Both anatomic point method and tangent line method of nasolabial angle construction have excellent reproducibility in terms of intra-observer and inter-observer agreement. 

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Nasolabial Angle and the Relative Inclinations of the Nose and Upper Lip

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nandini ◽  
CS Prashanth ◽  
Sanju K Somiah ◽  
SRK Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Facial Esthetics ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

ABSTRACT Esthetics is one of the major motivating factors for patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Hard tissue and soft tissue drape both determine the facial esthetics. The structures in this region are so variable that the nasolabial angle (NLA) has been drawn differently by various investigators. Variations can lead to erroneous conclusions in orthodontic diagnosis. Aims and objectives The study was done to evaluate a reliable method of constructing the nasolabial angle (NLA) and to correlate the soft tissue profile parameters with one another. Materials and methods Lateral cephalogram of 50 randomly selected adult patients were taken. The tracings were made and 10 copies of each tracing were randomly distributed to 10 different orthodontists to draw the NLA. Results Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) showed both N/ FH and L/FH angles to have significant p values when compared with NLA. The regression analysis showed that the nasolabial angle can be calculated for any given value of N/FH or L/FH by the formula: NLA = 80.33° + 1.02° (N/FH) and NLA = 14.2° + 1.04° (L/FH). The mean value of N/FH was 17.42° ± 8.40° and L/FH was 80.68° + 6.45° for this sample. Inter examiner reliability calculated by repeated measures of ANOVA and Dahlerg's formula showed high degree of reliability and reproducibility of the method. Clinical significance NLA can be predicted for any given value of N/FH and L/FH. NLA = 80.33° + 1.02° (N/FH) and NLA = 14.2° + 1.04° (L/FH). If an individual has either N/FH or L/FH in the normal range but not the NLA then one could calculate the correct NLA using this formula. Thereby the NLA can be brought within the normal range by altering the other nasolabial parameters by correct treatment planning. Since the nasolabial angle plays a vital role in profile esthetics of a person, the clinician should place greater emphasis in evaluating this area and plan treatment mechanics to place this angle within the accepted normal variation. How to cite this article Nandini S, Prashanth CS, Somiah SK, Reddy SRK. An Evaluation of Nasolabial Angle and the Relative Inclinations of the Nose and Upper Lip. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3):152-157.

scholarly journals Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Bergman ◽  
John Waschak ◽  
Ali Borzabadi-Farahani ◽  
Neal C. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Class I ◽  
Profile Angle ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Face Height ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Growth And Change

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the longitudinal changes in 19 soft tissue cephalometric traits (according to the Bergman cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis). Materials and Methods: Cephalograms and photographs of 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female, from the Burlington Growth Centre) that were obtained at ages 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 18 years were used. Subjects were orthodontically untreated whites and had Class I dentoskeletal relationships (ideal overjet and overbite). Images were obtained with the lips in a relaxed position or lightly touching. Results: Three groups of soft tissue traits were identified: (1) traits that increased in size with growth (nasal projection, lower face height, chin projection, chin-throat length, upper and lower lip thickness, upper lip length, and lower lip–chin length); (2) traits that decreased in size with growth (interlabial gap and mandibular sulcus contour [only in females]); and (3) traits that remained relatively constant during growth (facial profile angle, nasolabial angle, lower face percentage, chin-throat/lower face height percentage, lower face–throat angle, upper incisor exposure, maxillary sulcus contour, and upper and lower lip protrusion). Conclusion: Current findings identify areas of growth and change in individuals with Class I skeletal and dental relationships with ideal overjet and overbite and should be considered during treatment planning of orthodontic and orthognathic patients.

Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings

2007 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bülent Baydaş ◽  
Abdulvahit Erdem ◽  
İbrahim Yavuz ◽  
İsmail Ceylan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Facial Proportions ◽  
Profile Characteristics
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