scholarly journals Paralympijský sport jako společenský fenomén

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Tomáš Zelenka ◽  
Martin Kudláček

Sport for persons is promptly and naturally evolving as social phenomenon. This fact is documented worldwide variety of evidence. It is not only about the status and popularity of the Paralympic Games, it is not only dynamically growing number of disabled athletes and the growing range of adaptive sports, sports programs and various levels of competitions, but side by side with it the development of relevant national and international organizations and institutions, and even in some cases linking or merging sports platforms of ablebodied and handicapped athletes. Sport in the context of disabled athletes become parallely extroverted device demonstrations of their athletic abilities and also introverted medium having a positive influence on the biological, psychological and sociological human nature. On the other hand disabled people sport activity involvement is unfortunately very low.

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhida CHEN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has, on various occasions, concluded treaties on behalf of its Member States. This raises some interesting questions: is ASEAN entitled to enter into treaties on behalf of its Member States; and if so, what should be the status of ASEAN and its Member States vis-à-vis the other party to the treaty? The issue is not one of whether the ASEAN Member States have consented to such a practice—it must be assumed that they have. Instead, the real issue is whether such treaty-making practice can and should be valid under international law, even if the Member States have consented for ASEAN to conclude these treaties on their behalf. This paper will argue that, under international law, ASEAN is entitled to conclude treaties on behalf of its Member States.


Diachronica ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa Itkonen

SUMMARY Language is a social phenomenon; linguistic changes are non-nomic in character; the customary type of explanation utilized in diachronic linguistics is teleological explanation. From these three facts is follows that it is plausible to consider linguistic changes as social actions. They are explained by corresponding reasons, i.e., goals entertained by speakers and their beliefs about available means. On the one hand, reasons possess the status of (non-mechanistic) causes; on the other, actions which are means adequate to ends qualify as rational. Therefore causal explanations of linguistic changes should be more narrowly defined as rational explanations, the rationality involved being subconscious in nature. RÉSUMÉ Le langage est un fait social; les changements linguistiques sont caracterises par l'absence de nomicite; la linguistique diachronique se sert presque uniquement de 1'explication teleologique. De tout cela il s'ensuit que les changements linguistiques doivent etre consideres comme des actions sociales. lis sont expliques par les raisons correlatives, c'est-a-dire les buts adoptes par les sujets parlants ainsi que les mo-yens dont ceux-ci croient disposer. D'un cote, une action servant de moyen adequat a un but est qualifiee de rationnelle; de I'autre, les raisons remplissent la fonction des causes (non-mecaniques). Par consequence, les explications causales des changements linguistiques doivent etre definies, plus precisement, comme des explications rationnelles, la rationalite en question etant de caractere subconscient. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sprache ist ein soziales Phanomen; Sprachveranderungen sind nicht-nomischer Natur; die diachrone Sprachwissenschaft bedient sich fast aus-schlieBlich teleologischer Erklarungen. Hieraus folgt, dafl Sprachveranderungen berechtigterweise als eine Art von sozialen Handlungen be-trachtet werden. Sie werden dadurch erklart, daß die Griinde (= 'reasons') der Sprecher, d.h. einerseits ihre Willensziele und andererseits ihre Auffassungen iiber die vorhandeneh Mittel, dargestellt werden. Griinde besitzen den Status (nicht-mechanistischer) Ursachen (= 'causes'), wohingegen diejenigen Handlungen, die geeignete Mittel zum Zweck sind, als rational gelten. Folglich miissen kausale Erklarungen von Sprachveranderungen enger als rationale Erklarungen definiert werden, wobei eine unbewuftte Art von Rationalitat angenommen wird.


Author(s):  
Marcio Luis Costa ◽  
Alex Silva Messias

Nas últimas décadas se observa o retorno da religião sob forma de fundamentalismo religioso, utilizando a mídia e instrumentos de pressão política para fazer valer suas crenças, pois diante do receio ao questionamento, os fundamentalistas veem no “outro”, no diferente, uma ameaça a ser combatida e, em alguns casos, extirpada para preservar suas convicções. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir as tendências sócio-políticas do fundamentalismo religioso cristão. Para tanto, com método bibliográfico narrativo, visitamos alguns autores em nível nacional e internacional, que abordam as condições que fizeram emergir o fenômeno social do fundamentalismo religioso, sua estruturação e atuação, até suas demandas sócio-políticas. Os resultados apontam que quando se identifica e transfere qualquer responsabilidade pessoal e histórica para as forças externas, o “outro”, entendido como pessoa e/ou instituição, não podemos negar que esse processo alcança dimensões de problema social. Notamos algumas tendências como mudança de movimento religioso para ideologia acirrada, da postura de fiel para militância, do “ad intra” das religiões para demandas “ad extra”, dos altares e púlpitos para ocupações políticas.Palavras-chave: Fundamentalismo Religioso; Protestante; Católico. CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM: SOCIAL-POLITICS TENDENCIESAbstractIn the last decades the return of religion in religious fundamentalism form can be observed, using media and instruments of political pressure, because when facing the fear of questioning, fundamentalists see in the “other”, in the different, a threat to be stopped and, in some cases, extirpated top preserve their convictions.  This study aims to discuss the social-politics tendencies of the Christian religious fundamentalism. For that, with the narrative bibliographic method, we visited some authors of national and international level, that approach the conditions that caused the emergence of the religious fundamentalism social phenomenon, its structure and role, until its social-politics demand. The results show that when any personal or historical responsibility is identified and transferred to external forces, the “other”, understood as person and/or institution, we cannot deny this process reaches dimensions of social problem. We notice some tendencies such as the change of the religious movement to fierce ideology, from the posture of faithful to militancy, from “ad intra” of religions to “ad extra” demands, from the altars and pulpits to political positions.Keywords: Religious Fundamentalism; Protestant; Catholic.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deni Apriadi ◽  
Arie Yandi Saputra

The agricultural sector has an important role in supporting the Indonesian economy. But on the other hand, sometimes many community groups do not benefit due to problems that arise because the distribution chain of agricultural products are long enough, especially for farmers and consumers (end users). Of course the situation must be improved, so that the agricultural products of Indonesia can be enjoyed by consumers or farmers with proper. One of its efforts is by establishing an e-commerce based e-commerce system in agriculture. E-commerce based ecommerce system can be used as an alternative for farmers, used as a media campaign, communication and information and can cut the distribution chain of agricultural products marketing. The benefits felt by farmers and consumers directly and indirectly give a positive influence, especially from the broader marketing channels of agricultural products can increase production demand and spur the procurement of production among farmers and also the price offered to consumers will be cheaper so that sales in agricultural products can be more increased and profitable for farmers


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Shah ◽  
D.N. Mehta ◽  
R.V. Gujar

Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants and are also known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. 67 species of bryophytes have been reported from select locations across the state of Gujrat. The status of family fissidentaceae which is a large moss family is being presented in this paper. Globally the family consists of 10 genera but only one genus, Fissidens Hedw. has been collected from Gujarat. Fissidens is characterized by a unique leaf structure and shows the presence of three distinct lamina, the dorsal, the ventral and the vaginant lamina. A total of 8 species of Fissidens have been reported from the state based on vegetative characters as no sporophyte stages were collected earlier. Species reported from the neighboring states also showed the absence of sporophytes. The identification of different species was difficult due to substantial overlap in vegetative characters. Hence a detailed study on the diversity of members of Fissidentaceae in Gujarat was carried out between November 2013 and February 2015. In present study 8 distinct species of Fissidens have been collected from different parts of the state. Three species Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens curvato-involutus Dixon. have been identified while the other five are still to be identified. Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens xiphoides M. Fleisch., which have been reported as distinct species are actually synonyms according to TROPICOS database. The presence of sexual reproductive structures and sporophytes for several Fissidens species are also being reported for the first time from the state.


Author(s):  
Kyle Fruh

Discussions of closely associated notions of practical necessity, volitional necessity, and moral incapacity have profited from a focus on cases of agential crisis to further our understanding of how features of an agent’s character might bind her. This paper turns to agents in crises in order to connect this way of being bound to the phenomenon of moral heroism. The connection is fruitful in both directions. Importing practical necessity into examinations of moral heroism can explain the special sense of bindingness moral heroes frequently express while preserving the status of heroic acts as supererogatory. It also helps explain how heroes persevere and act as so few others do. On the other hand, the context of moral heroism allows a fuller development of some features of the concept of practical necessity, shedding more illuminating light on the roots of practical necessity in character through recent findings in the psychology of moral exemplars.


Author(s):  
Edna Ullmann-Margalit

Some of the most difficult decisions in law and ordinary life are simplified by the use of some kind of presumption. Accused criminals are presumed to be innocent, and most of the time, legislative acts are presumed to be constitutional. And when people do not know what to do, they often adopt a presumption of some kind—for example, sticking with the status quo, or perhaps in favor of making a specific change. In countless domains, presumptions help people to extricate themselves from difficult situations. They can serve as a way of breaking an initial symmetrical situation by using a supposition not fully justified, yet not quite rash either—favoring one action over the other.


Author(s):  
Jenny Andersson

Alvin Toffler’s writings encapsulated many of the tensions of futurism: the way that futurology and futures studies oscillated between forms of utopianism and technocracy with global ambitions, and between new forms of activism, on the one hand, and emerging forms of consultancy and paid advice on the other. Paradoxically, in their desire to create new images of the future capable of providing exits from the status quo of the Cold War world, futurists reinvented the technologies of prediction that they had initially rejected, and put them at the basis of a new activity of futures advice. Consultancy was central to the field of futures studies from its inception. For futurists, consultancy was a form of militancy—a potentially world altering expertise that could bypass politics and also escaped the boring halls of academia.


1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Maher ◽  
Barry J. Rodger

It is a well-known facet of litigation that the first step is often more important than any to follow. Virtually all legal systems bestow on litigants a variety of interim and provisional remedies. These remedies have a number of different functions and rationales but two in particular are thought to be fundamental.1 First, protective remedies provide a litigant with a degree of protection by ensuring that the status quo is preserved while the litigation is proceeding; second, these remedies secure the position of a litigant not only during the course of an action but also once it is over and he has judgment in his favour. This second function is usually achieved, in one way or another, by tying up and freezing the property of the other party to the action.2 However, protective remedies also serve other functions. Some remedies exist to promote the interest of a party in the advancement of his case (e.g. orders for disclosure of evidence), whereas others provide a litigant with part of the overall final remedy or judgment that he is seeking to gain from the action (e.g. interim payment or interim damages).


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