The Wrongfulness of Any Intent to Kill

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-248
Author(s):  
Sherif Girgis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Philosophical Argument ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Theological Authority ◽  
Better Than

Germain Grisez’s philosophical argument for respecting human life has been developed by fellow new natural law (NNL) theorists and applied to a range of lethal actions, for its conclusion is vast: intending the death of any human being as a means or an end is wrong in itself. For some Thomists, the NNL view on killing is both lax and rigorist: They consider it lax because its narrow criterion for what is “intended” leaves out some acts, especially ones related to abortion, that the critics consider murder. And they consider the NNL view rigorist insofar as it apparently rules out the death penalty, contrary to the Thomistic tradition and perhaps even heretically. However, the most salient philosophical arguments for exceptions to the principle against intending anyone’s death are weaker than the case for any given premise of the contrary NNL argument. Nevertheless, some NNL theorists’ arguments on life are unsound, some can be defended better than they have been, and some nonphilosophical objections based on theological authority require more exploration.

PENGEMBANGAN KEILMUAN INTEGRATIF DI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-402
Author(s):  
Zainal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Advanced Science ◽  
Epistemological Basis ◽  
Integrative Science

This paper attempts to analyze the development of integrative science at two Islamic universities, namely UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta and UIN Malang. The changes are not just ordinary administrative changes, but based on the epistemological basis of integrated scientific development between science and Islam. The changing of IAIN Sunan Kalijaga and STAIN Malang also showed a new relationship between science (general sciences) and Islam, which requiresmutual relations, mutual dialogue, mutual reinforcement to solve the problems of postmodern human life. The purpose of this relation is to create the graduates who are capable of competing in the postmodern world that increasingly sophisticated and advanced science and technology, in addition, the value of religionbased morality is not abandoned, so they become the holistic human being. Tulisan ini mencoba menganalisis pengembangan keilmuan integratif pada dua universitas Islam negeri, yaitu UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta dan UIN Malang. Perubahan keduanya bukanlah hanya perubahan administrasi biasa, tapi didasari oleh basis epistemologi pengembangan keilmuan terintegrasi antara sains dan Islam. Perubahan IAIN Sunan Kalijaga dan STAIN Malang juga menunjukkan adanya relasi baru antara sains (ilmu-ilmu umum) dan Islam, yaitu relasi saling membutuhkan, saling berdialog, saling menguatkan untuk menyelesaikan problema kehidupan manusia postmodern ini. Tujuan relasi ini untuk mewujudkan lulusan yang mampu bersaing di dunia postmodern yang semakin canggih dan maju ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologinya, selain itu nilai moralitas yang berbasis agama tidak ditinggalkan, sehingga menjadi manusia yang utuh.

The Status of Mind and Intellect in Digital Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-143
Author(s):  
Elena I. Yaroslavtseva
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Connection To Nature ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Natural Foundation ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the impact of digitalization on human life and intellectual experience. The development of computer technology demands an understanding of new aspects of human development and requires a capability to overcome not only external conditions but also ourselves. Entering a new level of development cannot imply a complete rejection of previous dispositions, but should be accompanied by reflection on personal experience and by the quest for new forms of interaction in society and with nature. Communicative and cognitive activity of a person has an ontological basis and relies on processes that actually evolve in nature. Therefore, the creation of new objects is always associated with the properties of natural material and gives rise to new points of support in the development of man. The more audacious his projects, the more important it is to preserve this connection to nature. It is always the human being who turns out to be the initiator who knows how to solve problems. The conformity of complex technical systems to nature is not only a goal but also a value of meaningful construction of development perspectives. The key to the nature orientation of the modern digital world is the human being himself, who keeps all the secrets of the culture of his natural development. Therefore, the proposed by the Russian philosopher V.S. Stepin post-non-classical approach, based on the principle of “human-sizedness,” is an important contribution to contemporary research because it draws attention to the “human – machine” communication, to the relationship between a person and technological systems he created. The article concludes that during digital transformation, a cultural conflict arises: in an effort to solve the problems of the future, a person equips his life with devices that are designed to support him, to expand his functionality, but at the same time, the boundaries of humanity become dissolved and the forms of human activity undergo simplification. Transhumanism engages society in the fight against fears of vulnerability and memory loss and ignores the flexibility and sustainability of natural foundation.

scholarly journals Human Rights and Human Nature

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-534
Author(s):  
Jean Rhéaume
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Positive Law

At least two important consequences follow from the fact that human rights are based on human nature. First, they exist according to natural law even in cases where positive law does not recognize them. Secondly, they cannot evolve because the nature and purpose of the human being does not change: only their formulation and level of protection in positive law can vary according to the socio-historical context.

Life and Death

2016 ◽  
pp. 422-442
Author(s):  
Jana Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Artificial Reproduction ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Salvation History ◽  
The Creation

This chapter places Catholic teaching on questions of life and death against the background of a Catholic vision of salvation history, emphasizing that Catholics see no necessary opposition between Christian faith and progress in scientific understanding of the creation. The chapter then considers questions concerning abortion, contraception, and techniques for artificial reproduction. The second half of the chapter focuses on questions concerning death. Catholic teaching views human life in this world as finite, and thus sees death as intrinsic to the current human condition. After considering Catholic teaching on euthanasia, the chapter considers Catholic discussion of war, the death penalty, and care for the environment.

scholarly journals Crueldade consentida – Crítica à razão antropocêntrica

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laerte Fernando LEVAI
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Law System ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
The Law ◽  
Animal Violence ◽  
Living Being

Despite the fact that the Brazilian Constitution is against animal violence, protecting<br />the fauna integrity, actually it does not work. However, our law system allows cruel acts and<br />accepts the violence done by those who consider themselves rational and superior. Just watch<br />the evil reality at the streets, public shows (circus) and farms, where the animals suffer and<br />are exploited to their limits. Also watch the pain of the animals that are part of an industrial<br />production, the horror at the slaughter houses and the scientific experiments laboratories. It<br />means that we have a contradiction.<br />Blind and cold, we live in a world that lacks justice. The cycle of the human life is limited<br />to personal ambitions, selfish actions and superfluous pleasures. There’s no space to<br />compassion. Under this anthropocentric view, the nature of the animals is no more important<br />and becomes economic or environmental resources. Our system, by rejecting the essence of<br />each living being, defends the fauna only for the purpose the human interests. The animals<br />are treated like merchandise, resources or consumption goods and the law denies them the<br />right to be sensitive. It must be changed, there can be no more silent before so much oppression.<br />For many centuries the human being has been dominating, torturing, killing and exterminating<br />other species, because of economic, commercial, cultural and gastronomic interests or just<br />sadism. The history shows that our relationship with the animals is marked by fanatism,<br />supersticions, ignorance and indifference. It’s a Ministério Público function, as a social<br />transforming agent, to fight against this situation. We must admit the animals presence in<br />the sphere of the human moralities, allowing them to have rights. The question is not only of<br />the law, but philosophic. It’s primordial that we review our teaching methods, searching for<br />a formula to respect the essence of animal life no matter what it is. Without a doubt, this<br />way is far from the anthropocentrism.

scholarly journals MODERNIDAD INVIABLE

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Pedro Trigo
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Human Life ◽  
El Paso ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

RESUMEN: Ponemos el núcleo de la modernidad en el descubrimiento de la individualidad, entendido como un proceso emancipatorio respecto de las co­lectividades que pautaban su vida. Sus dos modos básicos, en pugna constante, serían desarrollar su individualidad autárquicamente o entenderse como un ser humano, autónomo y único, pero referido a la única humanidad. Parecería que se ha impuesto el individualista, objetivando su dominio en los sistemas económico y político, pretendidamente autoconstruidos y autorregulados. Siempre hubo cristianos modernos, pero debieron soportar la contradicción de la institución eclesiástica. El Vaticano II discernió que el ser humano es histórico y que al hacer la historia se hace a sí mismo; reconoció que los bienes civilizatorios propician la vida humana, pero no equivalen al desarrollo propiamente humano. Sólo éste es escatológico. La responsabilidad ante los hermanos y la historia, que se ejerce en la encarnación solidaria, es el nuevo humanismo. La superación de la modernidad se da en el paso del individuo solo o en relación, al ser humano constitutivamente relacional, que se hace persona al actuar como hijo y hermano desde su insobor­nable individualidad.ABSTRACT: We put the core of Modernity in the emerging phenomena of indi­viduality, understood as a process of emancipation from the ruling groups. Its two ways, always in tension, would be to develop an individuality autocratically or to understand the individual as a unique and autonomous human being, but only in reference to humankind. It looks like that the individualist model has imposed itself dominating the economical and political systems, supposedly self-made and self-regulated. Modern christians have always existed, but they had always to deal with the contradiction of the Church as institution. The Vatican II discerned that the human being is historical and while making history we form themselves; rec­ognized that the civilizing benefits propitiate human life, but they do not equate to true human development. This is only eschatological. The responsibility towards brothers and history, that we perform in our caring incarnation, is the new hu­manism. We go beyond modernity when we pass from the individual alone or in relation to humankind intrinsically relational, that becomes a person by acting as a son and brother while anchored in indelible individuality. 

scholarly journals Problematika Pendidikan Dalam Menyongsong Masa Depan Yang Gemilang

ADALAH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisaul Fatona
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Bright Future ◽  
The Future

Abstract: Education is an effort to improve the quality of human life. Every human being needs education, whenever and wherever. Education is a way to educate the nation’s children and welcome a bright future. One of the goals of education is that a person who can compete in the future and be able to develop one’s potential and talent is formed. There are children and the young stopped from school, did not continue their education to the higher grade, therefore their future is dangerous.Keywords: Education, the future, the resounding                                      Abstrak: Pendidikan merupakan suatu upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan manusia. Setiap manusia membutuhkan pendidikan sampai kapanpun dan dimanapun. Pendidikan merupakan jalan untuk mencerdaskan anak bangsa serta menyongsong masa depan gemilang. Salah satu tujuan pendidikan ialah membentuk sosok yang mampu bersaing di masa depan serta mampu mengembangkan potensi dan bakat seseorang. Pada kenyataannya banyak generasi muda yang putus sekolah dan tidak melanjutkan pendidikannya ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi, sehingga masa depan mereka terancam suram.Kalimat kunci: pendidikan, masa depan, gemilang

ANTHROPOLOGICAL IDEAS OF CARL DU PREL AND ITS RECEPTION BY RUSSIAN SPIRITUALISTS IN THE LATE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Tikhon V. Spirin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Core ◽  
The One

The article addresses the core anthropological concepts of Carl Du Prel’s philosophy and explores the significance of those concepts for the Russian spiritualism of the late 19th – early 20th century. The Du Prel’s theory built up upon the concept of Duality of the Human Being. Du Prel insisted on simultaneous co-existence of two subjects – one pertaining to the sensible world and the other related to the extrasensory (‘the transcendental subject’) – that are divided by the ‘perception threshold’. He argued that in dormant and somnambular state the threshold would shift and thus enable the Transcendental Subject to act in the Extrasensory World. Du Prel believed that the human evolution is not over yet. He suggested that one could estimate what the new form of the human life would be judging by the conditions in which the transcendental subject comes out. Like many other spiritualists, Du Prel foretold the upcoming dawn of a new era where the boundary between science and religion on the one part and the Sensible and Extrasensory World on the other part will vanish. Anthropological doctrine of Du Prel correlated well with the views on the future human being held by the Russian spiritualists, and therefore he became one of the most reputable authors for them

Mrzonki o pokoju. Wojna nemezis ludzkości

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (301) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
Justyna Grażyna Otto
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Goal

The main thesis of the article is as follows: war shares a lasting and unbreakable bond with human life and state politics and, despite the Utopian dreams of never-ending peace, conflicts are the sine qua non building blocks of a country’s policy and the development of the human race. Why? Because a state is an imperfect, yet the most perfect among the civilisationally achievable means of organising the lives of people who, for various reasons, display war inclinations. This paper is a political sciences analysis of the problem from the perspective of history of political philosophy. To achieve the research goal, the author first analyses the Utopian visions of peace ruling over war and the designs of eternal peace, putting forward subtheses on the primate of peace over war and the human drive towards peace which was to be determined by 1). religion, 2). proper upbringing and education as well as the new organisation of a society and its reflection in the federalist project. These theses are debunked and proven to be wishful thinking as each human being and each state have violence in their genetic code.

Animality in Eschatological Transformation

2018 ◽  
pp. 146-172
Author(s):  
Eric Daryl Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sexual Expression ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Eucharistic Theology ◽  
Vital Functions

Chapter 6 takes up the end of the human story with God, the eschatological transformation of the human being through the resurrection of the body end entry into perfect communion with God. Conventionally, theologians have imagined resurrected of human body as being whole and intact, but with several basic vital functions negated—namely digestion and sexual expression. Arguing that such a maneuver safeguards the materiality of the human body precisely by negating its animality, this chapter seeks to construct a vision of transformed human life with God in which digestion and sexual expression are at the center of human communion with God and fellow creatures. The chapter’s efforts are aided by the wealth of the tradition itself: biblical and liturgical imagery such as the wedding feast of the Lamb, eucharistic theology, and Christian nuptial mysticism.

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