Repeatability and Methodical Actions in Uncertain Situations

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-376
Author(s):  
Michael Funk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
Methodological Aspects

In this paper Ludwig Wittgenstein is interpreted as a philosopher of language and technology. Due to current developments, a special focus is on lifeworld practice and technoscientific research. In particular, image-interpretation is used as a concrete methodical example. Whereas in most science- or technology-related Wittgenstein interpretations the focus is on the Tractatus, the Investigations or On Certainty, in this paper the primary source is his very late triune fragment Bemerkungen über die Farben (“Remarks about the Colours”). It is argued that Wittgenstein’s approach can supplement Don Ihde’s concept of material hermeneutics, and that Wittgenstein’s constructivist and pragmatist claims relate to current authors in the philosophy of technology like Peter Janich, Carl Mitcham or Jürgen Mittelstraß. Ludwig Wittgenstein enables a philosophical approach of transcendental grammars, techno-linguistic forms of life and technoscientific language games. In detail, several methodological aspects regarding relations between language and technology are summarized. Here concretely repeatability and methodical actions play major roles in uncertain situations of language and technology practice. It is shown that Wittgenstein is still underestimated in the philosophy of technology—although his thoughtful conceptualizations of language, social practice and technology bear important methodical insights for current technosciences like synthetic biology, robotics and many others.

Technological Investigations

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-313
Author(s):  
Langdon Winner ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Technology Studies ◽  
Digital Electronics ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Contemporary Technology

Although Ludwig Wittgenstein did not offer a fully developed philosophy of technology, his writings contain an approach to inquiry that can be employed to explore situations in which people contend with technological devices and systems. His notions of ‘language games’ and ‘forms of life’ as well as the dramatic, imaginary dialogues in his later writings offer ways to transcend the sometimes rigid theoretical frameworks in contemporary technology studies. Especially as applied to rapidly moving infusions of computing and digital electronics in contemporary society, Wittgenstein’s writings offer possibilities for fresh insight and even some practical alternatives.

Acerca del supuesto fundamentalismo de Wittgenstein en Sobre la certez

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Ariso Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Basic Beliefs

RESUMENAl analizar si Ludwig Wittgenstein mantiene una posición fundamentalista en Sobre la certeza, suele discutirse si la citada obra se adapta al modelo de fundamentalismo propuesto por Avrum Stroll. Tras exponer las líneas básicas de dicho modelo, en esta nota se mantiene que Sobre la certeza no se adapta al modelo de Stroll debido al importante papel que Wittgenstein concede al contextualismo. Además, se añade que Wittgenstein no puede ser calificado de fundamentalista porque no reconoce ninguna propiedad que, sin tener en cuenta la diversidad de casos particulares, permita justificar de forma conjunta todas nuestras creencias básicas.PALABRAS CLAVEWITTGENSTEIN, FUNDAMENTALISMO, CONTEXTUALISMO, CERTEZAABSTRACTDid Wittgenstein hold a foundationalist position in On Certainty? When this question is tackled, it is often discussed, whether On Certainty fits in the foundationalist model devised by Avrum Stroll. After expounding the main lines of this model, I hold that On Certainty does not fit in Stroll’s model, because of the important role Wittgenstein attaches to contextualism. Furthermore, I add that Wittgenstein cannot be seen as a foundationalist –or a coherentist–, because he does not admit any feature in virtue of which the whole of our basic beliefs are justified without considering circumstances at all.KEYWORDSWITTGENSTEIN, CERTAINTY, FOUNDATIONALISM, CONTEXTUALISM

scholarly journals Computational Modeling Intervertebral Disc Pathophysiology: A Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallory Volz ◽  
Shady Elmasry ◽  
Alicia R. Jackson ◽  
Francesco Travascio
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Ivd Degeneration ◽  
Physical Changes

Lower back pain is a medical condition of epidemic proportion, and the degeneration of the intervertebral disc has been identified as a major contributor. The etiology of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is multifactorial, depending on age, cell-mediated molecular degradation processes and genetics, which is accelerated by traumatic or gradual mechanical factors. The complexity of such intertwined biochemical and mechanical processes leading to degeneration makes it difficult to quantitatively identify cause–effect relationships through experiments. Computational modeling of the IVD is a powerful investigative tool since it offers the opportunity to vary, observe and isolate the effects of a wide range of phenomena involved in the degenerative process of discs. This review aims at discussing the main findings of finite element models of IVD pathophysiology with a special focus on the different factors contributing to physical changes typical of degenerative phenomena. Models presented are subdivided into those addressing role of nutritional supply, progressive biochemical alterations stemming from an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes, aging and those considering mechanical factors as the primary source that induces morphological change within the disc. Limitations of the current models, as well as opportunities for future computational modeling work are also discussed.

scholarly journals Metodologi Penafsiran Kontekstual; Analisis Gagasan dan Prinsip Kunci Penafsiran Kontekstual Abdullah Saeed

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
M.K. Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Dominance Model ◽  
Textual Interpretation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Times ◽  
Qur'anic Exegesis ◽  
Methodological Aspects

Qur’anic exegesis occupies a central position in the development of the intellectual traditions of Muslims. As a primary source, the Qur’an for centuries have beenexplored and understood using a variety of approaches and methods to satisfy every need of the times. The dominance model of textual interpretation in the tradition of interpretation of the Qur’an throughout the history of Islam, has been moving Abdullah Saeed a Professor of Islamic Studies University of Melbourne, to offer an alternative model of “contextual interpretation” as a model approach in interpreting the Qur’an that more sensitive to context. Because textual interpretation models tend to ignore the socio-historical context period of revelation as well as the context of the interpretation of the period. This paper specifically focused to analyze methodological aspects of thought’s Abdullah Saeed in conducting the contextualize interpretation of the Qur’an. In General, Saeed offers four contextual interpretation of operational steps, that is: 1) identify initial considerations by understanding the interpreter subjectivity, language and construct meaning, and the world of the Qur’an (encounter with the world of the text); 2) start the task of interpretation by means of identifying the meaning of the original text and convinced of the authenticity and reliability of the text (critical analysis of texts independently); 3) identify the meaning of the text by exploring each context (meaning for the first recipient); 4) hooking the interpretation of the text with the current context (process ofcontextualize, meaning for the present).

The Relevance of Moore and Wittgenstein

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-222
Author(s):  
Ernest Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Games ◽  
On Certainty

Moore lays out his Defence of Common Sense in a paper so titled, and thought by Wittgenstein to be Moore’s best and that stimulated his own On Certainty. Wittgenstein there repudiates Moore’s epistemology and offers a radically different alternative. This chapter presents the gist of that alternative, while inviting the reader to compare that gist with supportive passages gather in the Appendix to the chapter. Wittgenstein is concerned with language games, with pragmatics of language use, with dialectical interplay, with what it is proper to say to someone, and with the effects of context on all of that. Moore in his relevant epistemology is largely unconcerned with such dialectical, linguistic, or contextual issues. This chapter also abstracts almost wholly from them, while remaining neutral on their substance and on their relation to more purely epistemological issues.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Haridimos Tsoukas
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
The Self ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
Sense Of Wonder

This sense of wonder is the mark of the philosopher. —Plato, Theaetetus, §155d At the foundation of well-founded belief lies belief that is not founded. —Ludwig Wittgenstein, On Certainty, §253 Philosophy is the self-correction by consciousness of its own initial excess of subjectivity [ … ] The task of philosophy is to recover the totality obscured by the selection....

Wittgensteinian Humanism, Democracy, and Technocracy

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-333
Author(s):  
Eric B. Litwack ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Cultural Relativism ◽  
Humanistic Psychology ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Philosophy Of Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Problem Of Other Minds ◽  
Democratic Systems

In this article, the author explores some possible applications of Wittgenstein’s humanistic psychology, epistemology and philosophy of culture for the philosophy of technology, and more particularly, for the question of valuing a possible future technocracy over contemporary democratic systems. Major aspects of the article involve a discussion of some of Wittgenstein’s key views on certainty, cultural relativism, the problem of other minds, and gradual socio-cultural change. In order to examine these problems, the author draws from both a wide range of Wittgenstein’s works, as well as secondary sources in Wittgenstein studies. An analogy is made between socio-cultural change over time and gradual visual loss. The author has incorporated important elements of Wittgenstein’s biography, both as a philosopher and as an engineer and architect, underlining the profound link between his life and thought.

Schemaspiele

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Hans Lenk
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Modeling Processes ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Active Formation

AbstractThe title of “Schema Games” is certainly insinuated by Wittgenstein’s later philosophy of “Language Games” as a social practice and “life forms” and “Gepflogenheiten” (usages), social practices, action forms and mores and institutions. However, in this article Wittgenstein’s conception is extended to forms of not only language usages and actions but also any form of modeling, structuring and scheme activation in cognition and action as well as subconscious, even neuro-physiologically activated networking and modeling processes. Schemes, schematization and scheme activations as well as reactivations are decisive for any stabilization of meanings, opinions, mental episodes as well as actions, social or individual. There is no cognition or action or thinking and speaking without the activation and reactivation of schemes on different levels.Wittgenstein’s approach of a pragmatic and social practice of language games and life forms based on common and repeated usages of special cases of scheme activations and processes of interpretative constructions (interpretative constructs) may also methodologically be analyzed on different levels, even subconscious ones, to grasp or to constitute cognitive and action-like activities. Active formation and usages play a fundamental and pragmatic role, not only according to Kant under his categories but after Wittgenstein and the present methodological approach in a more flexible way - somewhat like Wittgenstein’s “language games” approach. Not only socially based speech forms and actions as well as “life forms” are dependent on active pragmatic scheme interpretations, but also already many basic processes of representing, cognizing, acting, mustering and modeling, even on subconscious neuronal levels. Any cognition and action whatsoever is scheme-dependent, produced by scheme-interpretative activity on user-oriented and a socio-pragmatic, or even institutionalized basis. Not only do language games rely on scheme activations, but they are, methodologically speaking, special cases of these forms of activation. Thus, the parallelism between “language games” and life forms in Wittgenstein’s sense and “schema games” on the basis of methodological scheme-interpretationism seems to be well-founded.

Language-games and Presuppositions

Philosophy ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 53 (203) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
W. D. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Language Games ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
To Come ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
As If

Did Wittgenstein think that language-games have presuppositions? He sometimes speaks as if he thought that they do, at other times as though he thought that they do not. For examples, in On Certainty 110, after pointing out that the business of giving grounds for what we say has to come to an end sometime, he remarks, ‘but the end is not an ungrounded presupposition’; whereas, in 115, after warning us that if we try to doubt everything we shall not get as far as doubting anything, he gives as his reason ‘the game of doubting itself presupposes certainty’. It is of some importance for a correct understanding of Wittgenstein to clear up this apparent contradiction.

scholarly journals Language-Games in the Later Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michael Benjamin Warren Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
Going Concern ◽  
The People ◽  
Strange Feeling

<p>1.1 When I first looked, into Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations I felt not so much that this was great work, but that it was alive and exciting, a going concern. I next learned of its difficulty; it seemed to me then (as it does now) that Wittgenstein omitted all the preliminary easy bits that we usually find in philosophy books and, treated only of the very difficult problems which concerned him. That this was great philosophy had to be accepted, for most of the people I knew of as top philosophers said so. Its acknowledged greatness was not, however, the primary reason, nor even an important reason, for my continued reading of Wittgenstein's work it was the enigmatic style and. the strange feeling of depth in the remarks; I felt they really did say something glorious, make a powerful gesture (cf., PI, *610), if I could only figure out what.</p>

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