Ethnic Minorities in Ten Western Countries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Lessard-Phillips ◽  
Fenella Fleischmann ◽  
Erika Van Elsas
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Multicultural Policies

This chapter provides background information about the ten Western countries under study, starting with a description of the size of the second-generation groups in the ten countries and the major migration flows to these destinations. We also present indicators of the extent to which their parents (the primary migrants) were positively or negatively selected since selectivity is a major influence on second-generation educational outcomes. We then describe the selected countries’ educational systems to provide the background against which the different educational outcomes are analysed in the subsequent chapters. Finally, to capture differences in the integration climates which immigrants encounter, we describe how the ten Western countries under study differ in their scores with respect to multicultural policies. The aim of this overview is to provide readers with the necessary information to evaluate the findings given in the empirical chapters, and compare both the different minority groups and the destination countries.

scholarly journals Multicultural attitudes in Europe: A multilevel analysis of perceived compatibility between individual and collective justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-437
Author(s):  
Jessica Gale ◽  
Christian Staerklé ◽  
Eva G. T. Green ◽  
Emilio Paolo Visintin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Individual Justice ◽  
Compatibility Hypothesis

Contemporary political philosophers debate the degree to which multiculturalism, with its emphasis on collective justice principles, is compatible with Western liberal societies’ core ideologies based on individual justice principles. Taking on a social psychological perspective, the present study offers a cross-national, multilevel examination of the asymmetric compatibility hypothesis, according to which majority and ethnic minority groups differ in the association between support for individualized immigration policies (based on individual justice principles) and support for multiculturalism (based on collective justice principles). Using data from Round 7 of the European Social Survey (N = 36,732), we compared minority and majority attitudes across 1) countries with stronger versus weaker equality policies at the national level (a Migrant Integration Policy Index [MIPEX] sub-dimension indicator), and 2) Western and post-communist European countries. In line with the asymmetric compatibility hypothesis, ethnic minorities perceived significantly less incompatibility between individual and collective justice than majorities. This majority-minority asymmetric compatibility was stronger in Western countries compared to post-communist European countries. Moreover, in Western countries and in countries with stronger equality policies, ethnic minorities generally supported multiculturalism to a greater extent than majorities. Overall, these findings suggest that deep-seated ideological orientations of national contexts shape minority and majority justice conceptions and hence, also, multicultural attitudes. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Unequal Attainments

2014 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Usa

Western countries have become increasingly diverse in recent decades and these demographic trends are certain to continue. The resulting ethnic diversity is a major challenge to policy-makers, who need to tackle issues of social justice and social integration. Education plays a pivotal role since it is the major stepping stone for the children of immigrants to successful economic integration and also plays a major role in social and political integration more generally since education gives access to the skills, resources and contacts which enable individuals to participate fully in the life of their society. Our central research questions are: Do the descendants of migrants experience equality of educational opportunity relative to their peers from the majority population in their country of residence? Do minorities experience ‘ethnic penalties’ in Western educational systems in addition to the social class disadvantages which we know to be pervasive? Are some minority groups are more successful than others? And do some national contexts provide more favourable conditions for achieving equality of opportunity and avoiding ethnic penalties? The chapters describe the extent to which minorities experience inequality of opportunity in ten Western countries (Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA) and examine whether disadvantages cumulate or are mitigated across the educational career as a whole. We explore reasons why the children of migrants seem to make greater progress in some countries than others, focusing on the extent to which their parents were ‘positively selected’ and on the nature of each country's educational systems.

Gene-environment Interaction on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Ethnic Minority Populations Living in Europe and North America: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Zafarmand ◽  
Parvin Tajik ◽  
René Spijker ◽  
Charles Agyemang
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
North America ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment

Background: The body of evidence on gene-environment interaction (GEI) related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) has grown in the recent years. However, most studies on GEI have sought to explain variation within individuals of European ancestry and results among ethnic minority groups are inconclusive. Objective: To investigate any interaction between a gene and an environmental factor in relation to T2D among ethnic minority groups living in Europe and North America. Methods: We systematically searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the published literature in English up to 25th March 2019. The screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by reviewers independently. Results: 1068 studies identified through our search, of which nine cohorts of six studies evaluating several different GEIs were included. The mean follow-up time in the included studies ranged from 5 to 25.7 years. Most studies were relatively small scale and few provided replication data. All studies included in the review included ethnic minorities from North America (Native-Americans, African- Americans, and Aboriginal Canadian), none of the studies in Europe assessed GEI in relation to T2D incident in ethnic minorities. The only significant GEI among ethnic minorities was HNF1A rs137853240 and smoking on T2D incident among Native-Canadians (Pinteraction = 0.006). Conclusion: There is a need for more studies on GEI among ethnicities, broadening the spectrum of ethnic minority groups being investigated, performing more discovery using genome-wide approaches, larger sample sizes for these studies by collaborating efforts such as the InterConnect approach, and developing a more standardized method of reporting GEI studies are discussed.

scholarly journals Citizenship and Educational Attainment amongst the Second Generation: An Analysis of Children of Immigrants in Finland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Kilpi-Jakonen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

Citizenship acquisition is often viewed as an indicator of immigrant integration as well as an event that spurs integration further. Relatively little is know about the relationship between citizenship and integration for children of immigrants. This article examines the relationship between citizenship and educational attainment at approximately age 16 in Finland using register data. Results suggest that children of immigrants who are Finnish citizens have better educational outcomes than non-citizens, measured with three indicators of educational attainment. However, the Finnish citizens come from families with higher levels of educational and economic resources than non-citizens and this explains much of the relationship between citizenship and education. After controlling for intervening variables, second generation students with Finnish citizenship are found to be more likely to choose general rather than vocational upper secondary education compared to their peers who have another citizenship. It is argued that this reflects a difference in educational attitudes between the two groups.

scholarly journals Employment Issues among Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Thi Phuong Thai ◽  
Ta Thi Thao ◽  
Vo Thi Hong Hanh ◽  
Vu Ngoc Xuan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Materials Used

Labor and employment issues, especially among ethnic minorities (ethnic minorities), are always considered to be the most important task in our Party and State guidelines and guidelines. In order to achieve the goal of sustainable development, employment policies are evaluated as the basic solution. Currently, the gap between rich and poor as well as social differentiation between ethnic minorities and ethnic minorities (ethnic minorities) (16 ethnic groups) residing in rural and mountainous areas compared to the country is quite large; The main reason is due to the underemployment of ethnic minority groups, which provides stable income, the main field of employment in agriculture and forestry. The study focused on investigating the Chut ethnic group, Quang Binh province and the O Du ethnic group, Nghe An province. By analyzing and synthesizing materials used in the research, on the basis of secondary and primary data sources, the author analyzes the situation and causes of the underemployment among ethnic minorities currently.

scholarly journals Loss of loved ones or home due to a disaster: Effects over time on distress in immigrant ethnic minorities

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert E. Smid ◽  
Annelieke N. Drogendijk ◽  
Jeroen Knipscheer ◽  
Paul A. Boelen ◽  
Rolf J. Kleber
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Mass Trauma ◽  
Disaster Loss ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Exposure to mass trauma may bring about increased sensitivity to new or ongoing stressors. It is unclear whether sensitivity to stress associated with ethnic minority/immigrant status may be affected by severe exposure to mass trauma. We examined whether the loss of loved ones or home due to a disaster is associated with more persistent disaster-related distress in ethnic minorities compared with Dutch natives in the Netherlands. In residents affected by a fireworks disaster ( N = 1029), we assessed disaster-related distress after 3 weeks, 18 months, and 4 years. The effects of loss of loved ones or home and ethnic minority/immigrant status on distress were analyzed using latent growth modeling. After controlling for age, gender, education, employment, and post-disaster stressful life events, the loss of loved ones was associated with more persistent disaster-related distress in ethnic minorities compared with natives at 18 months, and the loss of home was associated with more persistent disaster-related distress in ethnic minorities compared with natives between 18 months and 4 years. Our results suggest that the loss of loved ones may increase sensitivity to stress associated with ethnic minority/immigrant status during the early phase of adaptation to a disaster. Loss of home may lead to further resource loss and thereby increase sensitivity to stress associated with ethnic minority/immigrant status in the long term. Efforts to prevent stress-related psychopathology following mass trauma should specifically target ethnic minority groups, notably refugees and asylum seekers, who often experienced multiple losses of loved ones as well as their homes.

Academic and Vocational Tracking in Upper Secondary Education

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Lessard-Phillips ◽  
Yaël Brinbaum ◽  
Anthony Heath
Keyword(s):  
Minority Students ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
High Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Academic Track ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Academic Tracks

This chapter focuses on students who continue in full-time education after compulsory schooling and asks whether minority students are disproportionately channelled into lower-status vocational tracks and are excluded from the high-status academic tracks which lead to higher education. The picture that emerges is of distinct patterns in different sets of countries. In Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, minority groups are less likely to follow the academic track, but this under-representation can be entirely explained by their disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds and relatively low grades in lower secondary school. However, in a second group of countries – England and Wales, Finland, France and Sweden –most minorities are in fact more likely to follow the academic track than their majority-group peers from similar socioeconomic backgrounds and with similar grades. The indications are that comprehensive systems offer greater opportunities for minority students to fulfil their ambitions than do tracked educational systems.

Cultural Influences on Childhood Obesity in Ethnic Minorities: A Qualitative Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Chatham ◽  
Sandra J. Mixer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Culture Care Theory

Introduction: Childhood obesity remains an unrelenting public health problem disproportionately affecting ethnic minorities. Although research has examined ethnicity as a factor of childhood obesity, few studies have examined cultural influences. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the qualitative evidence of cultural influences on childhood obesity in ethnic minority groups. Methodology: Selective sampling of studies since 2008 yielded 251 articles. Twelve articles that addressed cultural influences on childhood obesity were identified for review. The Culture Care Theory Sunrise Enabler factors were used as an a priori framework for theme coding. Results: Nine themes emerged: child feeding, family, gender roles, food, healthy child appearance, physical activity, sedentary activity, food cost, and obesogenic environment. Discussion: Cultural care practices such as traditional foods and family meals are protective factors in childhood obesity and should be encouraged by nurses caring for and working with ethnic minority populations.

Educational Attainments of Immigrant Offspring: Success or Segmented Assimilation?

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Visible Minority ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
The Third ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Statistics Canada

In this article, I study the educational attainments of the adult offspring of immigrants, analyzing data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). Fielded annually since 1993 by Statistics Canada, respondents are asked for the first time in 1996 to report the birthplaces of their parents, making it possible to define and study not only the foreign-born population (the first generation), but also the second generation (Canadian born to foreign-born parents) and the third-plus generation (Canadian born to Canadian-born parents). The survey also asked respondents to indicate if they are members of a visible minority group, thus permitting a limited assessment of whether or not color conditions educational achievements of immigrant offspring. I find that “1.5” and second generation adults, age 20–64 have more years of schooling and higher percentages completing high school compared with the third-plus generation. Contrary to the segmented “underclass” assimilation model found in the United States, adult visible minority immigrant offspring in Canada exceed the educational attainments of other not-visible-minority groups. Although the analysis is hampered by small sample numbers, the results point to country differences in historical and contemporary race relations, and call for additional national and cross-national research.

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