Safety assessment of Cymbopogon shoenanthus (L.) Spreng. (Poaceae) essential oils: Oral toxicity, dermal and eye irritancy investigations

Glyceryl Ricinoleate is the monoester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid. Castor oil contains 87–90% Glycerol Ricinoleate. Ricinoleic acid is metabolized by both β-oxidation and α-oxidation. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice indicated that Glyceryl Ricinoleate has an LD50 greater than 25.0 ml/kg and is, at most, mildly irritating to unrinsed rabbit eyes. This ingredient was not a primary skin irritant. Castor oil was nonmutagenic by the Ames test. Ricinoleic acid was not a carcinogen when tested in mice. In human single-insult occlusive patch tests, no indication of skin irritation potential was observed in the two products containing 5.6% Glyceryl Ricinoleate. The available data on Glyceryl Ricinoleate were insufficient to determine whether this ingredient, under each relevant condition of use, was either safe or not safe. The types of data required before a decision can be made include: (1) 28 day chronic dermal toxicity in guinea pigs, and (2) clinical sensitization and photosensitization studies (or an appropriate ultraviolet spectrum instead of the photosensitization data).

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Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Polyacrylamide

Journal of the American College of Toxicology ◽

10.3109/10915819109078629 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 193-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Maximum Dose ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Final Report ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Monomer Content ◽

Acrylamide Monomers ◽

Reproductive Study

Polyacrylamide is a polymer of controllable molecular weight formed from the polymerization of acrylamide monomers. Average concentrations of the monomer were reported as less than 0.01% by several manufacturers. Polyacrylamide is used as a foam builder and stabilizer in shampoo products and as a vehicle in sunscreen preparations. An acute oral toxicity study of Polyacrylamide in rats reported that a single maximum oral dose of 4.0 g/kg body weight was tolerated. In a subchronic oral toxicity study in both rats and dogs, animals were given a maximum dose of 464 mg/kg body weight, with no signs of toxicity in any animals. Two separate studies in rats reported no absorption when the compound was administered by gavage. In a 2-year chronic oral toxicity study, rats fed between 500 and 10,000 ppm in their diet had no significant adverse effects. Similar results were obtained in dogs. A 2-year feeding study in rats fed up to 5.0% Polyacrylamide reported no significant adverse effects. Cutaneous tolerance tests performed to evaluate the irritation of Polyacrylamide indicated that the compound was relatively well tolerated. Undiluted Polyacrylamide applied to the conjunctival sac of the rabbit caused a very slight response. No compound-related lesions were noted in a three-generation reproductive study in which rats were fed either 500 or 2000 ppm Polyacrylamide. On the basis of data presented in this report, it is concluded that Polyacrylamide, with less than 0.01% acrylamide monomer content, is safe as a cosmetic ingredient as currently used.

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Final Amended Report on Safety Assessment on Aminomethyl Propanol and Aminomethyl Propanediol

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/10915818093509321 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 28 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 141S-161S ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christina L. Burnett ◽

Wilma F. Bergfeld ◽

Donald V. Belsito ◽

Curtis D. Klaassen ◽

James G. Marks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Safety Assessment ◽

Secondary Amines ◽

Primary Amines ◽

Inhalation Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Data ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Dermal Irritation ◽

Cosmetic Ingredients ◽

Cosmetic Formulations ◽

Allergic Contact

Aminomethyl propanol and aminomethyl propanediol are substituted aliphatic alcohols that function as pH adjusters in cosmetic products at concentrations less than 10%; additionally, aminomethyl propanediol is a fragrance. Extensive oral toxicity data are reviewed, with fewer inhalation toxicity data. Dermal toxicity data are presented that demonstrate, for example, that a mascara with 1.92% aminomethyl propanediol does not cause dermal irritation or allergic contact sensitization, suggesting that the maximum reported use concentration of 2% in mascara would be safe. Although these ingredients are primary amines that are not substrates for N-nitrosation, they may contain secondary amines as impurities in finished products that may undergo N-nitrosation. These ingredients should not be included in cosmetic formulations containing N-nitrosating agents. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concludes that aminomethyl propanol and aminomethyl propanediol are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentrations as described in this safety assessment.

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Qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils: A literature-based database on contact allergens used for safety assessment

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 80 ◽

pp. 226-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

N. Dornic ◽

A.S. Ficheux ◽

A.C. Roudot

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Contact Allergens ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative

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Safety assessment of the aqueous extract of the flowers of Nymphaea lotus Linn (Nymphaeaceae): Acute, neuro- and subchronic oral toxicity studies in albinos Wistar rats

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2016-0046 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mireille Kameni Poumeni ◽

Danielle Claude Bilanda ◽

Paul Désiré Dzeufiet Djomeni ◽

Yolande Sandrine Mengue Ngadena ◽

Marguerite Francine Mballa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Supplementary Food ◽

Toxicity Studies ◽

Dose Dependent

AbstractBackgroundLinn (MethodsAqueous extract ofResultsOur findings indicate dose-dependent elevation of nitrites contents in the flowers aqueous extract ofConclusionsdo not possesses neurotoxicity but is able to induce behavioral changes in rats. Therefore, the application of this plant as either drug or supplementary food should be carefully considered.

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Oral toxicity of essential oils and organic acids fed to honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Journal of Apicultural Research ◽

10.1080/00218839.2007.11101398 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 220-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Timothy A Ebert ◽

Peter G Kevan ◽

Bert L Bishop ◽

Sherrene D Kevan ◽

Roger A Downer

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Oral Toxicity

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Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Piper Methysticum Leaf/Root/Stem Extract and Piper Methysticum Root Extract

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/1091581809350934 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 28 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. 175S-188S ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Valerie Robinson ◽

Wilma F. Bergfeld ◽

Donald V. Belsito ◽

Curtis D. Klaassen ◽

James G. Marks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Liver Damage ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Final Report ◽

Root Extract ◽

Piper Methysticum ◽

Toxicity Data ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Kava Kava ◽

Stem Extract

Piper methysticum leaf/root/stem extract is the cosmetic ingredient name for a material derived from the leaves, roots, and stems of the Piper methysticum G. Forster plant, commonly known as kava kava. This and other kava-derived ingredients are used as skin-conditioning agents at concentrations from 0.0001% to 0.1%. The Food and Drug Administration issued a consumer advisory in 2002 expressing concern about liver damage in individuals who have ingested kava products. The available oral toxicity data support the concern about liver damage on ingestion but do not resolve the question, for example, whether these ingredients would be substantially absorbed through the skin. Other data needs are described, including toxicology data for yangonin, methysticin, and kavain, which may be present in kava-derived ingredients. Accordingly, the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in cosmetics.

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