scholarly journals Evaluating amount of satisfaction for visit capabilities and infrastructures of Gorgan city in separation of touristic entrance regions

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Ahmad Pour Ahmad ◽  
Bahram Imani ◽  
Zeinab Valizadeh ◽  
Zabihollah Torabi ◽  
Mansour Rezaali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Anova Test ◽  
Graphical Output ◽  
Satisfactory Condition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Multistage Cluster Sampling ◽  
The City

The general aim of this research is evaluating amount of satisfaction for visit capabilities and infrastructures of Gorgan city in separation of touristic entrance regions. This study is applicable and explanatory-analytical method is used for study. Used statistical community is consisting entered tourists from seven touristic regions to Gorgan. In this study, probabilistic multistage cluster sampling method was used. So after calculation of sample numbers by using Kokeran’s formula, some regions were selected as research sample from all of touristic absorptions and questionnaires randomly were distributed among them and then were gathered. Anova test, Danken test and the mean of visitor’s opinions were employed for analysis of data. Also the graphical output of data was depicted through Arc Map software. The findings of research showed that Gorgan tourists have announced unsatisfaction of themselves about capabilities and touristic infrastructures of this city. Nevertheless among different regions there is a meaningful disagreeability. Finally with consideration to operated evaluations about satisfactory condition of tourists related to capabilities and infrastructures of the city for improving situation, suitable solutions have been offered.

A comparison of soil sampling procedures used to monitor soil fertility in permanent pastures

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Friesen ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Bray 1

Soil testing programs are often brought in disrepute by unexplained variability in the data. The deposition of dung and urine onto grazed pasture brings about marked variation in the chemical status of soils which contributes to this variability. A study was undertaken to compare a range of sampling procedures to estimate Colwell-P, Bray-1 P, bicarbonate K and pH levels in adjacent low and high P status paddocks. The sampling strategies used consisted of 75 by 50 m grids; whole and stratified paddock zig-zag and cluster (monitor plot) samplings. Soil test means for the various parameters did not vary among sampling methods. The number of grid samples required to estimate within 10% of the mean varied from 121 for Bray-1 P down to 1 for soil pH. Sampling efficiencies were higher for cluster sampling than for whole paddock zig-zag path sampling. Stratification generally did not improve sampling efficiency in these paddocks. Soil test means declined as sampling depth increased, but the coefficient of variation remained constant for Colwell-P and pH. The results indicate that cluster sampling (monitor plots) is the most appropriate procedure for estimating the nutrient status of grazed pastures. This sampling method enables a more accurate measure to be taken of the nutrient status of a paddock and should allow more reasonable estimates to be made of the temporal variations in soil test.

scholarly journals Assessment of Solid Waste Disposal in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. S. Orakwuemma ◽  
B. O. Onumajuru ◽  
A. S. Opukeme ◽  
L. O. Onaghise
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The City

The problem of municipal waste is a challenge of global proportion occasioned by exponentially increasing population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, inefficient utilization of natural resources, lack of citizen awareness regarding the environmentally adequate disposal of waste, consumption, socioeconomic status (lifestyle), and others. This study aimed to assess solid waste disposal practices in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive and cross-sectional approach where multi-stage sampling was applied to select the sample communities by a simple random sampling method and the cluster areas for data collection by a cluster sampling method. The study revealed that the residents had a good awareness of 229 (95.4%) of waste management practices. About 86.7% of respondents keep their wastes in the bin while 6.3%, 5.0% and 2.1% practiced burning, throwing into the river or along the roads and keeping in the backyard respectively. Waste collection by the sanitation authority was relatively high (70.4%) in some locations in comparison to areas where wastes were never removed (22.1%). The residents’ attitude towards solid waste disposal was generally good. However, the sanitation level was strongly constrained by limitations on the part of the sanitation authority. The sanitation authority does not cover all areas in the city because of manpower and equipment shortage. Yenagoa is a small city with most areas unplanned and having so many shanties. All wastes in the city are collected without sorting or recycling. The sanitation can be improved if the government would provide at subsidized cost, waste disposal materials such as polythene bags and plastic bins for the residents. More waste collection points should be sited to ease disposal and must be evacuated on a timely basis.

Use Of Tobacco And Related Products In Adolescents Of An English Medium School, Belgaum- A Cross Sectional Questionnaire Based Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
N Navik ◽  
SS Billur ◽  
MA Tejashiwini ◽  
V Sanglikar ◽  
A Dhyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
The City ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Harmful Effects

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Majority of adults are aware of health hazards of tobacco, children and adolescents continue to get exposed to tobacco and many develop cancer in later years. AIM To document the smoking and tobacco consumption habits in adolescents in an English Medium school of age group between 17-18 years in the city of Belgaum. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional survey was carried out by self-administered questionnaire to document the smoking and tobacco consumption among representative sample of 40 adolescent students selected by cluster sampling method. RESULTS In the School, 10% of students were using tobacco and cigarettes, 90% of students were not using them, 92.5% of students were aware of harmful effects of tobacco, supari and smoking, 92.5% of students saw other children using tobacco. CONCLUSION Health education should be given at school level to raise awareness about the use of tobacco, its related products and its consequences.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF THE BITTERLICH POINT SAMPLING AND THE METHOD OF FIXED AREA SAMPLING WITH STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN Pinus taeda PLANTATIONS

FLORESTA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
João Paulo Druszcz ◽  
Sebastião Do Amaral Machado ◽  
Nelson Yoshihiro Nakajima ◽  
Nelson Carlos Rosot ◽  
Roberto Tuyoshi Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Point Sampling ◽  
Fixed Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The City

AbstractThis study aimed to compare two methods of sampling, one is the method of variable area represented by the Bitterlich point (PB) sampling and the other is the method of fixed area represented by circular plots (PC) with structural variation, the cross sampling cluster (CC) and the line sampling cluster (CL). Precision and efficiency in estimation of the variables mean DBH (cm), number of trees (N/ha), basal area (m2/ha) and total volume (m3/3) in three plantation conditions of Pinus taeda L., located in the city of Carambeí, Paraná, were assessed. In simultaneous analysis of the three conditions to estimate the mean DBH and number of trees per hectare variables, the sampling method of fixed area with Circular Plot (PC) was the most accurate and efficient. The Bitterlich point sampling method (PB) was more accurate and efficient for the estimation of basal area and total volume variables. The two structures of sampling method of the fixed area with Cross Cluster (CC) and with Line Cluster (CL) demonstrated good results being the line cluster superior to the cross cluster.ResumoEficiência do método de amostragem de Bitterlich e de área fixa com variações estruturais em plantações de Pinus taeda. O estudo visou comparar dois métodos de amostragem, sendo eles o de área variável, o qual foi representado pelo método Ponto de Bitterlich (PB) e o de área fixa, representado pela Parcela Circular (PC) e as variações estruturais em Conglomerado em Cruz (CC) e Conglomerado em Linha (CL) com subunidades circulares. Foram avaliadas a precisão e eficiência para a estimativa da variável DAP médio (cm), número de árvores (N/ha), área basal (m2/ha) e volume total (m3/ha), em três condições de plantações, localizadas no município de Carambeí, PR. Na análise simultânea das três condições para a estimativa da variável DAP médio (cm) e número de árvores (N/ha), o método de área fixa com Parcela Circular (PC) foi o mais preciso e eficiente. Para a estimativa da variável área basal (m2/ha) e volume total (m3/ha), o método de área variável Ponto de Bitterlich foi mais preciso e eficiente. As duas estruturas do método de área fixa, utilizando-se o Conglomerado em Cruz (CC) e o Conglomerado em Linha (CL) apresentaram resultados precisos e eficientes, entretanto, o CL foi superior ao CC.Palavras-chave: Eficiência relativa; precisão; reflorestamento.

scholarly journals The stature estimation from students’ forearm and hand length in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Ebrahimi ◽  
Soheila Madadi ◽  
Leila Noori ◽  
Shadan Navid ◽  
Melika Darvishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Stature Estimation ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hand Length ◽  
Forearm Length

Objective: Anthropology is a science discuss about the human anthropometric features. It is used in many aspects such as archeology, rehabilitation, and legal medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the stature from student’s forearm and hand length in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: For measurements, the forearm and hand length of 160 students were measured. The range of the sample ages were between 18-22 years, selected randomly. In this descriptive and analytical study, the cluster sampling method was used to select the subjects. For anthropometric measurements, we used metal and plastic tape, goniometer, caliper, and scale. The height and length of the forearm and hand were measured separately. Results: The mean ± SD of the stature were 164.435±5.072 cm and 180.446±5.569 cm, in females and males respectively. The mean ± SD of the forearm length were 24.906±1.347 cm and 27.751±1.294 cm, in females and males respectively. The mean ± SD of hand length were 17.356±2.223 cm and 19.418±0.888 cm, in females and males respectively. Besides, there was a correlation between height and forearm length of all cases. Also, this correlation was seen for the stature and hand length. Conclusion: According to our study, forearm and hand length have correlation with the stature, so they can be used as factors for stature estimation.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Personality Traits and Behavioral Problems among Adolescents in Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tin Zhi Ling ◽  
Jessemine Khoo Ai Pheng ◽  
Wong Wan Sin ◽  
Tan Soon-Aun
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multistage Cluster Sampling ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

The increased rates of behavioral problems among adolescents are alarming in Malaysia. Previous studies indicated that individuals’ personality traits may contribute to the engagement of behavioral problems among adolescents. However, there are still limited published researches in Malaysia context. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of personality traits on internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems among adolescents in Malaysia. There were 480 school-going adolescents aged between 13 to 17 years old, recruited by using multistage cluster sampling method from Selangor, Perak and Kedah states of Malaysia. Two instruments used in this study were Big Five Inventory (BFI), and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results of the study showed that the higher the level of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness and the lower the level of neuroticism were linked to the low tendency in the engagement of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems among adolescents in Malaysia. Regression analyses indicated that personality traits of neuroticism appeared to be the strongest predictor for both adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems. Findings of the study stressed the importance of understanding adolescents’ personality traits when studying on adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems. Hence, the provision of social skills and coping strategies among adolescents are necessary to promote better human development. 

scholarly journals The Role of Making Voluntary Function in Prognosticating and Preventing from Addiction Potential: A Survey Study Among Some Members of the Iranian Red Crescent Society

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman MamSharifi ◽  
Faramarz Sohrabi ◽  
Pegah. Seidi ◽  
Ahmad Borjali ◽  
Nahid Hoseininezhad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Criterion Variable ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Career Values ◽  
Potential Scale ◽  
Multistage Cluster Sampling

Abstract Background: Considering Voluntary Function (VF), the purpose of the present study was to prognosticate the addiction potential (AP) among some members of the Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) in Iran. To get the research done, we made use of both correlative and descriptive methods as research methods. Methods: The statistical population of the current study included all youths who have been members of the IRCS. We employed multistage cluster sampling as the sampling method. We recruited 620 active volunteers of the IRCS from 31 province and 175 cities of Iran (48.7% female and 50.1 Male mean age 23.27±3.32, range 14–31 years). Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS) and Voluntary Function Inventory (VFI) have assisted us in collecting research data. Results: Findings proved that there was a negative significant correlation between the AP and all measurements of VF such as protective enhancement, understanding, career, values, and motives; meaning that the more time youth spent on participating in voluntary activities, the less likely they sought to resort to misusing AP. Findings of the simultaneous-entry multiple regression has proved that volunteerism could prognosticate 15% of changes in the AP as a criterion variable. Conclusions: Due to its positive features, volunteerism played a key role in prognosticating and preventing the AP. Thus, it is incumbent to draw particular attention to this worthy factor.

scholarly journals Women’s Reproductive Empowerment: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Females in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezo Alishah ◽  
Jila Ganji ◽  
Rezaali Mohammadpour ◽  
Zahra Kiani ◽  
Zohreh Shahhosseini
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Health Care Centers

Objectives: Women’s reproductive empowerment is an essential issue for good reproductive health which is affected by various socioeconomic and cultural factors. This study was designed to compare women’s reproductive empowerment in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical and correlational-type study, 810 women referring to health care centers in Sari were recruited through proportional cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire on women’s reproductive empowerment including cultural, individual-family, social, and family planning domains. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of women’s reproductive empowerment score was 91.46±13.14 (a 95% CIof 90.55-92.36) and no statistical difference was observed between the urban and rural women in this respect (P = 0.59). In addition, cultural and family planning domains obtained the highest 29.12 (5.80) and the lowest 17.55 (4.25) scores concerning reproductive empowerment, respectively. Therefore, women’s reproductive empowerment score was significantly correlated with the females’ employment status (P = 0.006) and their husbands’ levels of education (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Overall, the finding contributes to the discourse on women’s reproductive empowerment based on their residential area and thus adds to the limited literature on this issue in developing countries and Iran, in particular. Therefore, appropriate planning is required for women with various employment statuses and their spouses with different educational levels in order to improve their empowerment in terms of reproductive issues.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERMINTAAN TAHU PUTIH DI KOTA MEDAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fahriza Ikhsan ◽  
Retna Astuti K ◽  
Faoeza Hafiz Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Side Dishes ◽  
The City ◽  
Nutritional Balance

<p>Tofu is one of the foodstuffs that plays a role for nutritional balance and is one of the people's favorite side dishes. The purpose of this study is to find out what factors influence consumer demand for white tofu in the city of Medan. The sampling method is done by purposive sampling method. Respondents in this study were consumers who consumed white tofu in the household. Information obtained from white tofu sellers in Petisah Market, Sei Sikambing Market and Helvetia Market and samples taken were 45 respondents, each 15 respondents in each market. Data collected are primary data and secondary data. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression test with SPSS 20. The results of this study concluded that the variable price of white tofu, tempe prices, fish prices, income and the number of dependents simultaneously had a significant effect on the demand for white tofu in Medan. Partially the variable price of white tofu and fish prices has a significant effect on the demand for white tofu in Medan, while the variable price of tempe, income and the number of dependents does not significantly influence the demand for white tofu in Medan.</p>

scholarly journals Comparation of caries detection in deciduous dentition with modified ICDAS index and dmf index in children from 1 to 5 years in Cali.

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Galvis ◽  
Natalia García ◽  
Bibiana Pazos ◽  
Maria Cristina Arango ◽  
Adriana Jaramillo
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Deciduous Dentition ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Dmf Index ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
The City

Summary: Objective: The purpose of thisstudy was to compare the caries prevalence using dmf and ICDAS index in children from 1 to 5 yearsin the city of Santiago de Cali, in 2006. Materials and Methods: A database of 929 schoolchildrenbetween 1 to 5 years old, from a sample obtained by cluster sampling method among all socioeconomicstatus schools and day care centers. From the clinical histories obtained by two calibratedexaminers there were analyzed ICDAS and dmf in order to compare caries prevalence. Results: Thecaries prevalence was 63% using ICDAS and 30% with dmf. For dmf the prevalence was greater for thelow socio economical status, while with ICDAS it was greater for the highest socio economicalstatus. Among initial status of carious lesions, 2W was the most prevalent considering the ICDASclassification of lesions. Caries prevalence was lower with dmf than ICDAS. Conclusions: Primarycarious lesions are not detected when dmf is used compared with ICDAS, therefore these lesions wouldnot be treated at the preventive stage of treatment. Key words: Early childhood caries. Dmf.ICDAS.

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