scholarly journals Endocrine disrupting mechanisms and effects of pesticides

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-490
Author(s):  
Hatice Anlar ◽  
Merve Bacanli ◽  
Nurşen Başaran
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Vector Borne

Pesticides are important agents that are intentionally introduced into the environment to control various pests and disease carriers, often by killing them. Although pesticides have many important objectives, including protection against crop loss and vector-borne diseases, there are significant concerns over the potential toxicity of pesticides on various organisms, including humans. The frequent use of pesticides in agriculture has led to the long-term exposure of humans to different pesticide residues. Exposure to pesticides has been linked to disturbances in the endocrine system of animals and humans. There are increasing data on the relation between lipophilic pesticides with low biodegradability and changes in reproductive functions and parameters of male and female animals. But more epidemiological and detailed information is necessary on the probability and strength of pesticide exposure-outcome relations regarding endocrine-disrupting effects.

scholarly journals Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1411) ◽  
pp. 1057-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Kovats ◽  
D. H. Campbell-Lendrum ◽  
A. J. McMichel ◽  
A. Woodward ◽  
J. St H. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
The Impact

The world's climate appears now to be changing at an unprecedented rate. Shifts in the distribution and behaviour of insect and bird species indicate that biological systems are already responding to this change. It is well established that climate is an important determinant of the spatial and temporal distribution of vectors and pathogens. In theory, a change in climate would be expected to cause changes in the geographical range, seasonality (intra–annual variability), and in the incidence rate (with or without changes in geographical or seasonal patterns). The detection and then attribution of such changes to climate change is an emerging task for scientists. We discuss the evidence required to attribute changes in disease and vectors to the early effects of anthropogenic climate change. The literature to date indicates that there is a lack of strong evidence of the impact of climate change on vector–borne diseases (i.e. malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, tick–borne diseases). New approaches to monitoring, such as frequent and long–term sampling along transects to monitor the full latitudinal and altitudinal range of specific vector species, are necessary in order to provide convincing direct evidence of climate change effects. There is a need to reassess the appropriate levels of evidence, including dealing with the uncertainties attached to detecting the health impacts of global change.

scholarly journals Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Infectious Diseases: from Endocrine Disruption to Immunosuppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3939
Author(s):  
Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke ◽  
Md Saidur Rahman ◽  
Yoo-Jin Park ◽  
Young Ju Kim ◽  
Myung-Geol Pang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are hormonally active compounds in the environment that interfere with the body’s endocrine system and consequently produce adverse health effects. Despite persistent public health concerns, EDCs remain important components of common consumer products, thus representing ubiquitous contaminants to humans. While scientific evidence confirmed their contribution to the severity of Influenza A virus (H1N1) in the animal model, their roles in susceptibility and clinical outcome of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cannot be underestimated. Since its emergence in late 2019, clinical reports on COVID-19 have confirmed that severe disease and death occur in persons aged ≥65 years and those with underlying comorbidities. Major comorbidities of COVID-19 include diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and kidney and liver diseases. Meanwhile, long-term exposure to EDCs contributes significantly to the onset and progression of these comorbid diseases. Besides, EDCs play vital roles in the disruption of the body’s immune system. Here, we review the recent literature on the roles of EDCs in comorbidities contributing to COVID-19 mortality, impacts of EDCs on the immune system, and recent articles linking EDCs to COVID-19 risks. We also recommend methodologies that could be adopted to comprehensively study the role of EDCs in COVID-19 risk.

scholarly journals What is known about modified insects for disease prevention?: a systematic review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Nazareth ◽  
Isabel Craveiro ◽  
Alanny Moutinho ◽  
Cátia Gonçalves ◽  
Luzia Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Transgenic Mosquitoes

The modification and release of insects to suppress or replace natural insect vectors constitutes a promising tool for vector control and disease prevention, facing the unprecedented global emergence of vector-borne diseases. Little is known regarding these innovative modification strategies and available evidence is not standardized turning it difficult to reflect on their actual efficacy and eventual effects. This work conducted a systematic review, gathering and analyzing research articles from PubMed and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde databases whose results directly report efficacy and effects of the use of modified insects for disease prevention until 2016. Within more than 1500 publications that were screened a total of 349 where analyzed. A total of 12/3.4% reported field-based evidence, and 41/11.7% covered modification stretagies’ efficacy after insects’ release, their epidemiology impact or its long-term efficacy. Examples of successful results were the replacement of natural field populations by wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in 5 weeks, and the elimination of a population in laboratory cages after transgenic mosquitoes release over 10–20 weeks. Variability in the effective results were described (90/25.7%) questioning its reproducibility in different settings. We also found 38/10.9% publications reporting reversal outcomes, such as an increase of vector population after release. Ecological effects such as horizontal transfer events to non-target species (54/15.5%), and wolbachia-induced worsening pathogenesis on mammal filarial diseases (10/2.9%) were also reported. Present work revealed promising outcomes of both suppressing and replacing approaches. However, it also revealed a need of field-based evidence mainly regarding epidemiologic and long-term impact of insect modification strategies. It pointed out some eventual irreversible and important effects that must not be ignored when considering open-field releases, and that may constitute constraints to generate the missing field evidence. Moreover, the level of variability of existing evidence suggests the need of local/specific evidence in each setting of an eventual release.

scholarly journals Neither heat pulse, nor multigenerational exposure to a modest increase in water temperature, alters the susceptibility of Guadeloupean Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9059
Author(s):  
Euan R.O. Allan ◽  
Stephanie Bollmann ◽  
Ekaterina Peremyslova ◽  
Michael Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Vector Borne

There are increasing concerns regarding the role global climate change will have on many vector-borne diseases. Both mathematical models and laboratory experiments suggest that schistosomiasis risk may change as a result of the effects of increasing temperatures on the planorbid snails that host schistosomes. Heat pulse/heat shock of the BS90 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata was shown to increase the rate of infection by Schistosoma mansoni, but the result was not replicable in a follow up experiment by a different lab. We characterised the susceptibility and cercarial shedding of Guadeloupean B. glabrata after infection with S. mansoni under two temperature regimes: multigenerational exposure to small increases in temperature, and extreme heat pulse events. Neither long-term, multigenerational rearing at elevated temperatures, nor transient heat pulse modified the susceptibility of Guadeloupean B. glabrata to infection (prevalence) or shedding of schistosome cercaria (intensity of infection). These findings suggest that heat pulse-induced susceptibility in snail hosts may be dependent on the strain of the snail and/or schistosome, or on some as-yet unidentified environmental co-factor.

scholarly journals Fluralaner (Bravecto®) induces long-term mortality of Lutzomyia longipalpis after a blood meal in treated dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamyres Bernadete Dantas Queiroga ◽  
Henrique Rafael Pontes Ferreira ◽  
Wilo Victor dos Santos ◽  
Ana Beatriz Lourenço de Assis ◽  
Vicente Toscano de Araújo Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World, where the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis and domestic dogs are considered the main vector and host reservoirs, respectively. Systemic insecticides have been studied as an alternative to control vector-borne diseases, including VL. Fluralaner, an isoxazoline class compound, is a systemic insecticide used in dogs, with proven efficiency against different species of phlebotomine sand flies. However, to date no studies have demonstrated the efficacy of fluralaner on Lu. longipalpis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of fluralaner (Bravecto®) on the sand fly Lu. longipalpis after blood meal in treated dogs. Methods Healthy mongrel dogs (n = 8) were recruited from the Zoonoses Control Center in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and randomized into two groups: fluralaner treated (n = 4) and non-treated control (n = 4). Colony-reared female specimens of Lu. longipalpis (n = 20) were allowed to feed on all dogs for 40 min before treatment (for fluralaner-treated dogs), at day 1 after treatment and then monthly until 1 year post-treatment. Results In the treatment group, there was 100% mortality of Lu. longipalpis for up to 5 months after treatment initiation, decreasing to 72.5% at 6 months post-treatment initiation. The efficacy of fluralaner ranged from 100% at day 1 (P = 0.0002) to 68% ( P = 0.0015) at 6 months, decreasing to 1.4% at 1 year post-treatment. Sand fly mortality carried out blood meal in non-treated control dogs remained constant at ≤ 15%. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that fluralaner may be used as a control strategy for VL in dogs in VL endemic areas.

scholarly journals Wargaming Future National Security Threats Posed by Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deon Canyon
Keyword(s):  
Data Driven ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Lack Of Commitment

The emergence of existing and novel vector-borne disease pathogens is highly unpredictable because there are so many possible causal factors of sociological, ecological, biological, behavioral and political origin. Traditional data-driven forecasting tools have limited use in circumstances featuring low-probability crises for which trend data is unreliable and non-predictive. Commercial and security sectors have been quick to adopt various forms of wargames to address this gap and provide intelligent insights on possible outcomes in the short, mid and long term future. The lack of commitment and action against vector-borne diseases by governments and local authorities requires a new approach that presents risk in terms of potential actions, possible outcomes and resulting consequences.

scholarly journals Construction Hybrid immunoglobulin All Four Dengue serotype Using Mesenchymal Stem

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Rofiqul A’la ◽  
Rahaju Ernawati ◽  
Nunuk Dyah Retno L ◽  
Mufasirin Mufasirin ◽  
Anwar Ma’ruf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Scfv Gene ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Encoding Gene ◽  
Immune Booster

The dengue virus is a member of vector-borne diseases that causes zoonotic disease and spreads rapidly in the world. No single treatment or vaccine yet is available that is recommended and there is no correlation with protectiveness against this disease. The heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) variables are molecules of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the smallest part of the antibody. Although the part-time domain variable is short, it can be used as a long-term and rapid immune booster in the immune system. In this study we tried to clone an encoding gene that was able to influence the adaptive immune response to dengue 1-4 by using MSC as a gene carrier. The target scFv-IgG gene has been successfully integrated into the plasmid. Plasmids that we have linearly transfected into the MSC. From the cDNA synthesis results continued with PCR synthesis with primer FGHV and RGHA obtained bands in accordance with the target of 404 bp. The scFv gene encoding IgG can be integrated with MSC Keywords: immunetherapy; dengue; hybrid; scFv-IgG; mesenchymal 

The Spread of Mosquito Borne Disease – Is Climate Change Beginning to Bite?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 192-194
Author(s):  
John (Luke) Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

The author considers the threat to vector-borne diseases in the light of climate change.

The Scientific Basis for the Prevention of Zooanthroponoze Vector-Borne Diseases Spread by Parasitic Arthropods of the Center of the East European Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Fedor I. Vasilevich ◽  
Anna M. Nikanorova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Kaluga Region

The purpose of the research is development of preventive measures against zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases spread by parasitic arthropods in the Kaluga Region. Materials and methods. The subject of the research was Ixodidae, mosquitoes, and small mammals inhabiting the Kaluga Region. The census of parasitic arthropods was carried out on the territory of all districts of the Kaluga Region and the city of Kaluga. Open natural habitat and human settlements were investigated. Weather conditions from 2013 to 2018 were also taken into account. For the purposes of the study, we used standard methods for capturing and counting arthropods and mouse-like rodents. In order to obtain mathematical models of small mammal populations, a full factorial experiment was conducted using the collected statistical data. In-process testing of the drug based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide were carried out under the conditions of the agricultural collective farm “Niva” of the Kozelsky District, the Kaluga Region, and LLC “Angus Center of Genetics” of the Babyninsky District, the Kaluga Region. Results and discussion. In the Kaluga Region, two species of ixodic ticks are found, namely, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, which have two activity peaks. Mosquito may have 3-4 generations in a year in the Kaluga region. The most common mosquito species in the Kaluga Region are Aedes communis, Ae. (Och.) togoi and Ae. (Och.) diantaeus, Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Culicidae) (Culex pipiens): Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. (non-autogenic form) and Cx. p. f. molestus Fors. (autogenic form), which interbreed, and reproductively isolated in the Region. The developed mathematical models make it possible to quantify the risks of outbreaks of zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases without the cost of field research, and allow for rational, timely and effective preventive measures. Medications based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide and based on cyfluthrin showed high insecto-acaricidal efficacy and safety.

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