The role of Zoroastrian in Islamic period of Khorasan

Author(s):  
Amir Akbari ◽  
Mahmood Seyyed ◽  
Ahmad Heidari
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Adil Ali Aiyush Al Zeen

ملخص البحث: يعرض هذا البحث موضوع  الخلود في الشعر الجاهلي، ودوره في تكوين شخصية الرجل المثال؛ إذ إن الجاهليين أرَّقَتهم مسألة الفناء، فبحثوا عن الخلود الجسدي وأدركوا أنه لا يمكن تحقيقه، وأمام رفضهم للفناء، اتضح لهم أن الخلود المعنوي هو السبيل الوحيد لبقاء الذكر بعد فناء الجسد، فعمد الرجل المثال في العصر الجاهلي إلى القيام بأفعالٍ حميدةٍ يذكره الشعراء في قصائدهم بها، ويفخر بها هو في أشعاره، كشهرة عنترة بالشجاعة، وحاتم بالكرم، والسموأل بالوفاء. ولإدراكهم أن أفعالهم تلك ستُبْقِي ذكرهم سائر العصور. توصل البحث إلى نماذج من أشعار الجاهليين، ليصل في النهاية إلى أنهم أدركوا أن خلودهم يتحقق معنوياً لا جسدياً. فيظهر لنا - من خلال الشعر – معنى الخلود ومعنى المثال، وإدراكهم لحقيقة الفناء بعد أن لمسوه في أنفسهم وفي مشاهد الطبيعة من حولهم، وطريقتهم في البحث عن الخلود المعنوي، ودور الشعر في تحقيق هذه الغاية. ثم يتبيَّنُ لنا إدراكهم أن الخلود لا يكون إلا من خلال المُثُلِ والقِيَمِ العربية التي كانوا يأتونها ويفخرون بها. الكلمات المفتاحية: الجاهلي - الشعر - الرجل - المثال - الخلود.         Abstract     The paper discusses the topic of immortality in the pre-Islamic period and its role in constructing the character of an ideal man. Since the Arabs before Islam were softened by the issue of death, they dwelled on the topic of immortality though they knew it too well its impossibility. As they rejected mortality, they realized that the abstract immortality is the only way for them to be remembered after the mortality of the body that enticed the ideal man in the pre-historic period to do commendable deeds that other poets would mention them with or he would make it as a virtue in his poems; as ‘Antarah was known for his bravery, Hatim with his generosity and Samuel with his loyalty as they realized that their deeds will be remembered for the rest of the ages. The study highlighted on a number of the Pre-Islamic poems and concluded that those poets realized that their mortality was achievable in a subtle way but not physically. This seems to us- from the poems- the meaning of immortality, idealism and their realization of the meaning of mortality from what they witnessed from the natural scenes that take place around them; the means to immortalize themselves in a subtle way and the role of poems in achieving this aim. We also learned that they themselves were fully aware that immortality is possible only through the Arabic virtues that they so proudly adhered to.   Keywords: Pre-Islamic period, Poem, Man, Ideal, Immortality     Abstrak   Makalah ini membincangkan tema keabadian hidup dalam era Jahiliah dan peranannya dalam membentuk keperibadian manusia ideal. Memandangkan bangsa Arab sebelum Islam mudah dilunakkan dengan isu kematian, mereka tetap mencanangkan tema keabadian walaupun sedar tentang kemustahilan untuk mengelaknya. Apablila mereka cuba menolak kematian, mereka menyedari bahawa keabadian secara abstrak ialah satu-satunya cara untuk mereka diingati selepas kematian dan meninggalkan legasi manusia ideal  dalam era Jahiliah ialah dengan menjadikan ingatan terhadap mereka itu ialah dengan kebaikan apa yang mereka lakukan dalam sebutan penyair-penyair lain ataupun dengan mereka sendiri menyebutnya dalam karya syair mereka sendiri. Demikianlah ‘Antarah dikenali dengan keberaniannya, Hatim dengan kemurahan hatinya, Samuel dengan kesetiaannya kerana kebaikan mereka akan dikenali sehingga bila-bila. Kajian ini menumpukan  kepada beberapa syair Jahiliah dan menyimpulkan bahawa penyair-penyair tersebut menyedari bahawa keabadian mereka boleh dicapai secara halus dan bukan secara fizikal. Kita dapat merumuskan daripada syair-syair tersebut bahawa pernyataan maksud keabadian dan idealisma serta penyerlahan maksud keabadian oleh mereka melalui apa yang mereka lihat berlaku di sekeliling mereka; cara untuk mengabadikan diri mereka ialah dengan melalui syair. Kami juga memperoleh maklumat bahawa mereka juga amat menyedari yang keabadian adalah sesuatu yang dapat dicapai melalui nilai-nilai budaya Arab yang amat mereka banggakan.   Kata kunci: Era jahiliah, Syair, Manusia, Keabadian


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Levent Ozturk

During the time of the Prophet Muhammad, some women took part in medical services to contribute their society, in Mecca and Medina. We found approximately 50 women contributing to their society in terms of medical services. Their medical contributions were generally traditional practices about the daily necessities of their society. Understanding the service provided by these women to their society at that time is very significant in terms of its contribution to the history of folk medicine. The contribution of these women was mainly in the areas of the nursing and assisting the midwifes, prenatal and postnatal care, some surgical operations, caring were wounded in wars, giving soldiers a meal, medical treatment for some diseases and daily injuring, treatment of animal beats, psychological therapy, practicing dietician care and body care, some folkloric treatments of some pediatric diseases, and sexual education. In this paper, I will ground my work on Islamic sources.


Author(s):  
Philip Alexander

The chapter investigates the role of ancient Jewish letters in promoting a shared identity in a polycentric geopolitical situation. This could not be done by coercion: it required diplomacy and persuasion. Alexander explores how Jews based in Jerusalem used letters for the purpose of asserting leadership, starting with the two festal letters at the beginning of 2 Maccabees that invite the Jews in Egypt to adopt the festival of Hanukkah celebrating the rededication of the Jerusalem temple and thus to acknowledge Jerusalem’s primacy. He also finds reflections of Jewish letter-writing in three passages of the book of Acts and reviews the use of letters as transmitted in rabbinic literature. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the genre of responsa, which began to flourish in the Islamic period, developed from exchanges of letters and participated in their ‘soft’ power structures.


Author(s):  
Seyed Kazem Sadr

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide explanation for the economic development of the earliest Islamic state. It focuses on the role of human capital as the most important element of this model and focuses on four dimensions of development of human personality in Islam: the incentive structure, rules of behavior, institutions and policies. Design/methodology/approach – A review and analysis of the measures and policies that Prophet of Islam and his successors adopted are made to arrive at the underlying economic model of development. Findings – The major finding is the role of human capital in the development of the economy at that time. Originality/value – The contribution of the paper is to identify the critical role of education and skills for the development of the economy at present.


Author(s):  
Ashaq HUSSAIN

The concept of peace and communal harmony and coexistence and the subsequent prospects for establishment of Pluralistic Society in the global context vis-à-vis the role of Sufis has become an advanced discourse of contemporary academic activity. Appreciating and evaluating all discussions and conjectures about communal harmony and also giving a due space to the definitions that are being assigned to it in the modern world, the present paper is an attempt to discover the roots and origin of peace both as a concept and as a process are found in the early Islamic period. Most of the features of the current wave of peace and co-existence, in fact, owe its origin to the persuasion of Holy Quran and the sayings of Prophet. March of prominent Sufis in the far off lands, dissemination of knowledge and learning, establishment of khankahas and maktabas, the process of migration, Promotion of Sufi institutions and the concept of peace and justice are some of the features essentially with Islamic orientation which encourages Pluralistic viewpoint at doctrinal and practical levels. The paper as such would sketch out the scope, role as well as the impact of all such factors on the mode of pluralism that has got roots both in the civilization of Islam and Sufi way of life. Furthermore the proposed paper is an attempt to evaluate the role of Sufis and their institutions in secularizing and harmonizing the cultural and civilizational ethos of mankind in all periods of history. The paper is getting exceedingly important in its relevance in present day human circles as Sufis have played a wider role in bringing peace prosperity and co-existence in entire humanity. A Sufi right from his dawn up to desk always creates concept of brotherhood irrespective of color, caste, creed or religion and accordingly their teachings from ancient times till date and in future have strengthen human bonds by their modest and compassionate nature. Sufis are examples in this regard as it is evident from pages of history that their role has been bringing of humans in on circles i:e circle of love and fraternity.


Author(s):  
نصرالدين إبراهيم أحمد (Nasr El-din Ibrahim Ahmed Hussein)

ملخص البحث:   يتناول البحث مسيرة المرأة، ومكانتها ودورها عبر العصور القديمة، بدءاً من العصر الجاهلي، ومروراً بالعصر الإسلامي والأموي، وانتهاء بالعصر العباسي؛ حيث أدّت المرأة دوراً مرموقاً ومشهوداً لها منذ فجر بزوغ تاريخ الأمة العربيّة، وهذا الدور سطّرته صفحات التاريخ البيضاء شعراً ونثراً؛ فالمرأة وقفت جنباً إلى جنب الرجل مشاركة إياه بكل فعالية في بناء الحضارة العربيّة العريقة، وقد شهد لها الكثير من الباحثين والمؤلفين والكتّاب بتفوقها في هذا المجال الحيوي، ويكون من الإجحاف، ونكران الجميل أن نتناساها ونطوي صفحاتها طي السجل. برزت المرأة  في العصر الجاهلي في أشعار الشعراء؛ حيث وُضعت في مكانة لائقة بها، وكان دورها واضحاً في الجانب الاجتماعي في إصلاح المجتمع، وأدّت دوراً بارزاً بوصفها أديبة وشاعرة، وناقدة، و"الخنساء" مثالاً، كذلك "أم جندب" وحكومتها بين زوجها امرئ القيس وعلقمة الفحل، وأخريات كان لهن شأن عظيم. وإذا انتقلنا إلى العصر الإسلامي، سنجد أن الإسلام مهّد للمرأة بأن تتبوأ مكانة عالية ورفيعة، وكانت زوجات الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم، والصحابيات خير مثال للاستشهاد بهن، وبدورهن في إصلاح المجتمع والذود عن الدولة الإسلاميّة في ذلك الوقت. وجاء العصر الأموي ولقيت المرأة مكانة مرموقة، انعكست فيها نشاطاتها الأدبيّة والفنّية؛ أما العصر العباسي أو ما يسمى بالعصر الذهبي، فقد كان عصر الانفتاح الثقافي للمرأة؛ حيث شاركت المرأة في جوانب شتى ومتعددة في خدمة الأدب والمجتمع، والحضارة العباسيّة العريقة. إن مكانة المرأة في تلك المجتمعات، وفي تلك العصور القديمة من تاريخ الأدب العربي كانت مشرّفة ومنيرة وبهية، وجديرة أن تعاد صياغتها بشكل يليق بها وبمكانتها لتحتل مكانة الصدارة في تاريخ الأمة العربيّة. الكلمات المفتاحية: الدور المعرفي- الشعر- الخطابة- الوصايا- النقد. Abstract: The study highlights the role of women in different eras beginning from the pre-Islamic period until the golden age of the Abbasids. It is observed that women did play a significant role since the early Arab history. It is a well-documented achievement both in poems and prose. They were active beside men in crafting the direction of the Arab civilization. Evidence was abundant as found in the works of many scholars and researchers. Any attempt to brush aside their efforts would not do justice to these achievements. In the pre-Islamic period there were al-Khansa’ and Ummu Jundub who was famous of her judgment between her husband Umru al-Qais and the famous ‘Alqamah. Others beside them were also contributing significantly. In the Islamic period, the religion had paved the way for them to contribute greatly. The wives of the Prophet Pbuh and his companions were examples to the reforming roles that they played in the society and the Islamic Empire. In the Umayyad period, they continued to be active in activities related to literature and arts. As for the Abbasid era, due to the cultural exposure of that period, women continued to contribute to the progress of literature and society. In conclusion, women were evidently active and progressive in the history of Arabic literature. They contribution is worthy of being highlighted and accorded a significant status in the history of the Arabs.   Keywords: The role of knowledge – poems – sermons – critic.   Abstrak: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menonjolkan peranan wanita pada era-era berlainan mulai dari zaman Jahiliah sehingga zaman keemasan Abbasiah. Sememangnya wanita dapat dilihat memainkan peranan penting sejak permulaan sejrah kesusasteraan Arab. Ia satu pencapaian yang didokumenkan dengan baik untuk kedua-dua genre iaitu sajak dan prosa. Mereka aktif bergandingan dengan lelaki dalam rah tuju tamadun Arab. Buktinya amat banyak seperti yang ditemui dalam kajian-kajian beberapa sarjana dan penyelidik. Sebarang percubaan menidakkan usaha-usaha mereka tidak akan berlaku adil terhadap pencapaian-pencapaian mereka ini. Di zaman  erdapat tokoh-tokoh ulung sepertial-Khansa' dan Ummu Jundub yang terkenal sewaktu memberikan kritik beliau antara syair suaminya Umru al-Qais dan penyair tersohor 'Alqamah. Wanita-wanita lain di samping mereka turut menyumbang secara aktif. Di zaman Islam, kewajaran perjuangan agama telah membuka jalan untuk mereka  engan lebih menonjol. Isteri Nabi SAW dan para sahabat dalam kalangan wanita menyumbang dalam memainkan peranan-peranan membangunkan masyarakat dan juga Empayar Islam. Di zaman Umawiah, mereka meneruskan peranan tersebut dengan aktif dalam kegiatan berkaitan dengan kesusasteraan dan kesenian. Di zaman Abbasiah pula, disebabkan keterbukaan budaya di zaman itu, kaum wanita meneruskan sumbang mereka kepada pembangynan kesusasteraan dan kemasyarakatan. Kesimpulannya, wanita nyata bergerak aktif dan progresif dalam sejarah perkembangan kesusasteraan Arab. Sesungguhnya sumbangan ini wajar mendapat perhatian demi untuk memberikan satu pengiktirafan terhadap peranan yang dimainkan mereka dalam sejarah perkembangan kesusasteraan Arab.  Kata kunci: peranan dalam memajukan kesusasteraan - sajak - ucapan –nasihat - pengkritik.  


2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muritala K. Kareem

The role of financial intermediation in a modern capitalist system hinges mainly on the taking and charging interest. While some Islamic scholars consider interest to be lawful for Muslims to take or charge on their transactions, many Islamic scholars consider charging or taking interest to be non-shari’ah compliant. It is against this backdrop that the paper sets out to provide a correct articulation of the meaning of ribā [interest/usury], which is the foundation stone on which the conventional financial institutions are based and examines its effects on the Nigerian economy. Using information about the forms and structure of socio-economic transactions during al-Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic) period in Makkah and during the Prophet’s time in Makkah and Madinah, we found that interest of all kinds is prohibited. The practice of interest payment in a modern capitalist economy is against the dictates of the Shari’ah. The article finds that debt servicing has badly affected the economic growth development of Nigeria. The article reveals a sharp increase in the amounts used to finance the country’s debt obligation. The debt servicing as a percentage of the capital expenditure has been increasing greatly since 2011 to till date. The percentage of debt servicing to capital expenditure in Nigeria from 1981 to 2015 has been very high for the country, with an average of over 59.0% under the 35 years considered in this study. In some years, this ratio was over 100.0% reaching its peak at 150.4% in 2003. In 2015, the ratio stood at 129.57%. This could account for low level of development in the country. The negative impact of debt servicing on the economy serves as a barrier to poverty alleviation, economic growth and development.


Author(s):  
Karimova Muyassar Abduqayumovna

The article provides a philosophical analysis of the issue of treatment of women in Islamic sources. In particular, the spread of Islam around the world as early as the seventh century, in which women were respected. Promotion is based on sources. Islam, which existed during the pre-Islamic period, put an end to the burial of a girl alive. Indeed, all religions were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula at that time. In addition, women's rights and property relations are covered in depth. It has been scientifically studied that this spiritual heritage is of great importance in the development of the world in the XXI century.


JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre

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