Nationalism, Patriotism and Political Ideas of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: an Analysis

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Founder of Aligarh Muslim University) was born into a noble Muslim family in 1817; he was a distinguished scholar while working as a lawyer at the British East India Company. After realizing the worthless condition of Muslims, his approach to western education for the benefit of the Muslim community became a priority. This study contemplates that Sir Syed was religiously oriented and very politically aware of nationalism and patriotism. The author uses primary data and also secondary data. The author also explores his main books and articles; the author aims to examine Sir Syed's nationalist and political ideas concerning political significance for Muslims in India. The writer would like to know the result that, what is the reason, Sir Syed was against the Indian National Congress. At the same time, the whole Indian society was afraid of the British, but Sir Syed maintained his good relations with the British, and he also showed the loyalty of the Muslims towards them. This study found the conclusion about Sir Syed that he became a symbol of communal harmony.

The Muslim Minority and Communal Harmony in India: A Study of the Views of Wahiduddin Khan

The partition of the Indian subcontinent placed her religious harmony at stake. In postindependence India, one of the most crucial issues was to maintain communal harmony between the Muslim minority and non-Muslim majority. Renowned Muslim Scholars and organisations came forward and expressed their concerns on the issue. However, Wahiduddin Khan (1925-2021) suggested a different methodology, contrary to his contemporaries. Through the application of descriptive and content analytical methods, this study investigates Khan’s ideas of communal harmony in post-independence India. The study found that Khan emphasised da’wah and peace activism. Contrary to his preceding views, he blamed the Muslim populace for communal disharmony in the country. Further, based on his reading of the Treaty of Ḥudaibiyyah, he recommended Muslims take a unilateral and passive step to establish communal harmony in the country and assumed it to be the only possible way for the Muslim minority. This study observes that Khan’s understanding of Ḥudaibiyyah is questionable as he ignored all other significant incidents of the sīrah. Nevertheless, his views on the unity of religion remains significant.

MUSLIM UMMAH: REALITY OR ILLUSION

United Muslim Ummah was a splendid idea given by Islam to restore the lethargic sections of society and combine the assets into an incorporated, reduced frame. Such a unified movement was important not just to assimilate political and national associations on a solitary stage yet, in addition, to liberate the people from conferred self-interests and narrow observations. The idea was inspiring especially at a time when Arab society was segregated by tribal rivalries, domestic feuds and inter-regional assaults. By eliminating aggressive and exploitative tendencies, this kind of communal harmony produced a cohesive, creative principle for a successful strategy. This was a correct diagnosis made for the difficulties afflicting the ligaments of a diseased society. The aim of the paper is to determine whether present Islamic world can be united under the single banner of Muslim Ummah and recommend measures to enhance unity and sense of brotherhood among the Muslim states.

PLURALISM AND COMMUNAL HARMONY: STUDYING THE CONTRIBUTION OF SUFIS

The concept of peace and communal harmony and coexistence and the subsequent prospects for establishment of Pluralistic Society in the global context vis-à-vis the role of Sufis has become an advanced discourse of contemporary academic activity. Appreciating and evaluating all discussions and conjectures about communal harmony and also giving a due space to the definitions that are being assigned to it in the modern world, the present paper is an attempt to discover the roots and origin of peace both as a concept and as a process are found in the early Islamic period. Most of the features of the current wave of peace and co-existence, in fact, owe its origin to the persuasion of Holy Quran and the sayings of Prophet. March of prominent Sufis in the far off lands, dissemination of knowledge and learning, establishment of khankahas and maktabas, the process of migration, Promotion of Sufi institutions and the concept of peace and justice are some of the features essentially with Islamic orientation which encourages Pluralistic viewpoint at doctrinal and practical levels. The paper as such would sketch out the scope, role as well as the impact of all such factors on the mode of pluralism that has got roots both in the civilization of Islam and Sufi way of life. Furthermore the proposed paper is an attempt to evaluate the role of Sufis and their institutions in secularizing and harmonizing the cultural and civilizational ethos of mankind in all periods of history. The paper is getting exceedingly important in its relevance in present day human circles as Sufis have played a wider role in bringing peace prosperity and co-existence in entire humanity. A Sufi right from his dawn up to desk always creates concept of brotherhood irrespective of color, caste, creed or religion and accordingly their teachings from ancient times till date and in future have strengthen human bonds by their modest and compassionate nature. Sufis are examples in this regard as it is evident from pages of history that their role has been bringing of humans in on circles i:e circle of love and fraternity.

Many languages — one town: royal free towns of Upper Hungary

Early modern Hungarian society was characterised by the presence of multiple different languages. This was especially true for the kingdom’s urban communities where speakers of various tongues encountered each other in relatively small physical spaces. In this paper, the case of the Upper Hungarian royal free towns is discussed. As a result of the towns’ origins and late medieval development, the communities of burghers, and especially local elites, tended to cultivate their German cultural and linguistic identities. Moreover, in their political imagination, an especially important role was played by the ideals of communal harmony and unity. However, each of the towns was opened to the immigration of new inhabitants, who in many cases were people of non-German origin, and who thus presented potential sources of disharmony. Various measures were therefore developed to address the situation, ranging from the gradual integration of newcomers into the cultural fabric of every community to punitive measures aimed at excluding those ignorant of a specific language from positions of economic or political influence. An important phenomenon occurred with the Reformation with its stress on more prominent use of vernacular language in worship. The mainly indirect impact of larger political developments on the local sociolinguistic situation is also mentioned.

Contextualising Hate Speech: A Study of India And Malaysia

Hate speech is a verbal expression, which is designed to promote hatred based on race, religion, ethnicity and violence between different communities . Hate speech are systematically used to lash hatred towards minorities and for inflaming regional, religious and ethnic passion. It has been repeatedly observed that inflaming and deleterious words have been used by people of influence to further their vested interests and incite violence. Indian laws as well as Malaysian laws forbid anyone from making hate speeches that disturb the communal harmony and creates discord among the people. When the issue of suppression of hate speech comes to purview, the notion of reasonable restriction comes into picture. Consequent debate narrows down to two sharply contrasting opinions ie: restraints v. freedom of speech and expression. It is difficult to balance both divergent opinions. Article 19(1) of the Indian Constitution, provides for the freedom of speech and expression but also places reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) on the grounds of public order, decency and morality. Similarly, Article 10 of the Malaysian Constitution empowers the Malaysian citizens with the freedom of speech and expression subject to restrictions imposed by the Parliament. Whenever these contradictory opinions are presented in front of the court, even the Apex court of the respective countries has shown its reluctance towards curbing such communally charged statements. Even if the judgment restraining hate speech is pronounced, it often comes too late, sometimes after the damage has already been inflicted, thus failing to exert any deterrent effect. By using doctrinal research methods,this paper a) discusses the terminology of hate speech; b) analyzes different legal provisions that deals with hate speech in India and Malaysia; and c) discusses non-legal solutions to the problem. This paper argues that although several legal provisions are available to curb hate speech, Alternative Dispute Resolution and counter speech may be used as alternative ways to address hate speech.

Communication of School Heads in Improving Education Performance in SMA Plus Private Vocational School, Al-Azhar Medan

This study aims to explore the principal's communication in an effort to improve the performance of educators.This qualitative research is conducted in SMA Plus Swasta Al-Azhar Medan from January to April 2018 to the principal, vice principal of curriculum and teacher. Research instruments are researchers and assisted by interview guides, observation sheets and documentation studies. The validity of data is done by member checking process of transcript by direct respondent or supervisor. Analysis and interpretation of data with a qualitative pattern that refers to the theoretical basis associated with the studied. The results of the study found a top-down and bottom-up communication, briefing or training, meetings at the beginning of the year and scheduled meetings, the principal's behavioral obstinacy, as well as the funisment for oral and written offenses and rewards for those who show achievement. Increased communal harmony through shared recreation. The forms of headmaster communication that have been executed must be maintained for the improvement of subordinate performance.

Transnationalism and Transnational Islam in Indonesia With Special Emphasis on Papua

Papua has experienced the threat of communal harmony between Christians and Muslims regarding the transnational Islam advent in Papua. The Tolikara Incident in 2015 and the latest one the banning of building the minaret of the Al-Aqsha Mosque in Sentani in 2018, to a certain degree, were part of transnational Islam influence in the region with a majority non-Muslim population. The presence of transnational Islam cannot be separated from the emergence of the public sphere in the country after the demise of the Suharto regime in 1998. This paper will explore transnational Islam in Papua by reviewing previous studies and discourse on transnational Islam in Indonesia. At the outset, the author will delve literature review on transnationalism and transnational Islam globally. Afterward, it will discuss the presence of transnational Islam, especially Salafi of Jafar Umar Thalib (JUT) in Jayapura and Keerom that has created tension and hostilities within Muslim communities, as well as toward non-Muslim. No doubt, Salafi faction of JUT has tried to promulgate or disseminate radical Islamic teaching through dakwah (propagation) and other activities that threaten Papua Land of Peace (Papua Tanah Damai). As a result, their presence has gotten resistance from some Islamic mass organizations and non-Muslims.

Doing Good Better: Impure Altruism in Green Apparel Advertising

In this study, we identify impure altruism as a duality of altruistic and egoistic warmth. We examine how these feelings motivate consumers to buy green apparel in response to advertisements. We test the effectiveness of the message orientation and its interactivity with a beneficiary and propose modeling impure altruism as the reason why consumers purchase green apparel. The study uses a quasi-experiment to estimate a comparison effect among advertising stimuli. We conduct an online survey among US consumers that garnered 586 responses for the main data analysis. The results indicate that egocentric appeals increase perceived uniqueness and that human beneficiary appeals lead to higher communal harmony. The findings show that communal harmony and global wellbeing prompt altruistic warmth and that uniqueness and product quality encourage egoistic warmth. Notably, altruistic warmth contributes to egoistic warmth, which indicates the existence of impurely altruistic consumers. Both altruistic and egoistic warmth lead to the intention of purchasing green apparel. We recommend “feel-good” marketing strategies to publicize the benefits of a sustainable lifestyle. The study contributes to the theoretical development of sustainability and can serve as an extension of a discrete model of altruism and egoism on consumers’ sustainable behavior.