scholarly journals Alternative and safe dyes for staining Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 400-408
Author(s):  
Marcos Diones Ferreira Santana ◽  
Túlio Silva Lara ◽  
Sheyla Regina Marques Couceiro
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Study And Teaching ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea Mart

Several methodologies are available for the study of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM). Most involving the colouring of typical symbiosis structures, with the use of dyes such as Trypan Blue, which can be harmful to users' health (e.g., carcinogens) and the environment (e.g., pollutants). In order to use safe alternatives for AM fungi studies, a comparison and analysis of the use of industrial organic food dyes (Arcólor®) in blue and red colours, organic dye based on Euterpe oleracea Mart. pulp (açaí) and the traditional Trypan Blue (control), all of them diluted in commercial vinegar, for observation and quantification of the typical structures of mycorrhizal infection in the roots of Vigna unguiculata L., Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke, Zea mays L. and Brachiaria sp. The results indicated that the organic dyes visually colour the structures of the AM fungi. However, blue food colouring is as effective as Trypan Blue, in addition to being a good option in teaching activities evolving AM fungi, mainly because it presents less risk to users' health. Thus, a good substitute for the Trypan Blue synthetic dye is presented, based on an effective, easily applicable, low cost and safe methodology for the study and teaching of AM fungi.

scholarly journals Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Simulated Climate Changes by Reciprocal Translocation in Tibetan Plateau

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-493
Author(s):  
Zhaoyong SHI ◽  
Xubin YIN ◽  
Bede MICKAN ◽  
Fayuan WANG ◽  
Ying ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Reciprocal Translocation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Colonization Frequency

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are considered as an important factor in predicting plants and ecosystem responses to climate changes on a global scale. The Tibetan Plateau is the highest region on Earth with abundant natural resources and one of the most sensitive region to climate changes. To evaluate the complex response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and spore density to climate changes, a reciprocal translocation experiment was employed in Tibetan Plateau. The reciprocal translocation of quadrats to AM colonization and spore density were dynamic. Mycorrhizal colonization frequency presented contrary changed trend with elevations of quadrat translocation. Colonization frequency reduced or increased in majority quadrats translocated from low to high or from high to low elevation. Responses of colonization intensity to translocation of quadrats were more sensitive than colonization frequency. Arbuscular colonization showed inconsistent trend in increased or decreased quadrat. Vesicle colonization decreased with changed of quadrat from low to high elevations. However, no significant trend was observed. Although spore density was dynamic with signs of decreasing or increasing in translocated quadrats, the majority enhanced and declined respectively in descent and ascent quadrat treatments. It is crucial to understand the interactions between AM fungi and prairie grasses to accurately predict effects of climate change on these diverse and sensitive ecosystems. This study provided an opportunity for understanding the effect of climate changes on AM fungi.

scholarly journals The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on Euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ying Chu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Infected Root ◽  
Black Plastic

With the objective of verifying the response of Euterpe oleracea seedlings to seven arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species, an experimental trial was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Seeds of E. oleracea were sown in carbonized rice husk. Germinating seeds were initially transferred to plastic cups, containing fumigated Reddish Yellow Quartz Sand and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Two months later, seedlings were transferred to 2 kg black plastic bags, containing the same soil without fumigation. Plant growth and mineral nutrients were evaluated nine months after mycorrhizal inoculation. Differential effects were observed among the species tested, with Scutellispora gilmorei being the most effective ones in promoting growth and nutrient content of E. oleracea seedlings. The increment resulted from inoculation with S. gilmorei were 92% in total plant height, 116% in stem diameter, 361% in dry matter production, 191% in N, 664% in P, 46% in K, 562% in Ca, 363% in Mg and 350% in Zn contents, comparing to uninoculated controls. Infected root length was positively correlated to nutrient content and plant growth. It was concluded that growth and nutrient uptake of E. oleracea seedlings could be significantly improved by inoculation of effective arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote the growth of plants in the mining associated clay

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziheng Song ◽  
Yinli Bi ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Yunli Gong ◽  
Huihui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Abstract It is urgent to restore the ecological function in open-pit mining areas on grassland in Eastern China. The open-pit mines have abundant of mining associated clay, which is desirable for using as a soil source for ecological restoration. The mining associated clay in Hulunbuir district, Inner Mongolia was selected and mixed with a sandy soil at a ratio of 1:1 (S_C soil). Also, effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on soil functions were studied. The aboveground and underground biomass of maize in S_C soil was 1.49 and 2.41 times higher than that of clay soil, respectively. In the topsoil and S_C soil, the growth hormone (IAA) and cytokinin (CTK) levels of maize were higher than that of clay, while abscission acid (ABA) levels were lower. The inoculation with AMF could significantly improve the biomass of maize and enhance the stress resistance of plants. Through structural equation model (SEM) analyses, it was found that the soil type and AMF inoculation had the most direct impact on maize growth and biomass content. These finds extend our knowledge regarding a low-cost method for physical and biological improvement of mining associated clay, and to provide theoretical support for large-scale application in the future.

scholarly journals Biodiversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Araucaria angustifolia forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Moreira ◽  
Dilmar Baretta ◽  
Siu Mui Tsai ◽  
Sandra Maria Gomes-da-Costa ◽  
Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Shannon’S Diversity Index

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. is an endangered Brazilian coniferous tree that has been almost exterminated in the native areas because of uncontrolled wood exploitation. This tree has been shown to be highly dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and, therefore, AMF may be essential for forest sustainability and biological diversity. Root colonization, density and diversity of AMF spores were assessed in two Araucaria forest stands at the State Park of Alto Ribeira (PETAR), at two sampling dates: May and October. A comparison was made between a mature native stand composed of Araucaria trees mixed into a variety of tropical trees and shrubs, without any sign of anthropogenic interference (FN) and an Araucaria stand planted in 1987 (R), which has been used as a pasture. Assessments included percent root colonization, AMF spore numbers and species richness, Simpson's dominance index (Is), and Shannon's diversity index (H). Mycorrhizal root colonization did not differ between ecosystems in May. In October, however, the native stand (FN) presented a higher colonization than the planted forest (R), and the root colonization was more intense than in May. When considering both sampling periods and forests, 27 species of AM fungi, with higher numbers of spores in FN than in R were found. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) indicated Shannon's diversity index as the ecological attribute that contributed the most to distinguish between forest ecosystems, with higher value of H in FN in relation to R. CDA showed to be a useful tool for the study of ecological attributes.

scholarly journals Detection of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Roots of Strawberry Plants Fertilized with Organic Bioproducts

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lisek ◽  
Lidia Sas Paszt ◽  
Beata Sumorok
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
The Impact

Summary In organic farming, mineral fertilizers are replaced by various preparations to stimulate plant growth and development. Introduction of new biopreparations into horticultural production requires an assessment of their effects on the growth and yielding of plants. Among the important indicators of the impact on plants of beneficial microorganisms contained in bioproducts is determination of their effectiveness in stimulating the growth and yielding of plants. Moreover, confirmation of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the roots and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere is also necessary. In addition to conventional methods, molecular biology techniques are increasingly used to allow detection and identification of AM fungi in plant roots. The aim of this study was identification and initial taxonomic classification of AM fungi in the roots of ‘Elkat’ strawberry plants fertilized with various biopreparations using the technique of nested PCR. Tests were performed on DNA obtained from the roots of ‘Elkat’ strawberry plants: not fertilized, treated with 10 different biopreparations, or fertilized with NPK. Amplification of the large subunit of ribosomal gene (LSU rDNA) was carried out using universal primers, and then, in the nested PCR reaction, primers specific for the fungi of the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora were used. Colonization of strawberry roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was determined on the basis of the presence of DNA fragments of a size corresponding to the types of the fungi tested for. As a result of the analyses, the most reaction products characterizing AM fungi were found in the roots of plants treated with the preparation Florovit Eko. The least fragments characteristic of AM fungi were detected in the roots of plants fertilized with NPK, which confirms the negative impact of mineral fertilizers on the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of strawberry plants. The roots of plants fertilized with Tytanit differed from the control plants by the presence of one of the clusters of fungi of the genus Glomus and by the absence of a cluster of fungi of the genus Scutellospora. In the roots of plants treated with other biopreparations there were reaction products indicating the presence of fungi of the genera Glomus, Scutellospora and Acaulospora, like in the roots of the control plants. The results will be used to assess the suitability of microbiologically enriched biopreparations in horticultural production.

scholarly journals EKSPLORASI FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) PADA RIZOSFIR HIJAUAN PAKAN

ZOOTEC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Rifa E. Ansiga ◽  
A. Rumambi ◽  
D. A. Kaligis ◽  
I. Mansur ◽  
W. Kaunang
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
The Difference

EXPLORATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI IN FORAGE RHIZOSPHERES. This study aimed to determine the diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in several kinds of hybrid forages Rhizospheres, either in grasses or legumes. Soil samples were taken from three different locations, consisted of: Mapanget (forages type: Leucaena leucocepala, Sorghum varieties numbu, Penicettum purpureum cv. Mott), Tateli (forages type: calothyrsus Calliandra, Gliricidia sepium) and Campus of UNSRAT, Manado (forage type: King grass). The soil samples which taken from forages rhizospheres were sieved using Brundrett method and then centrifuged.  Thereafter, isolation and identification of spore were carried out based on spore morphology character, involves: shape, size, color, hyphae attachment, and ornament. Extraction and identification of spores on six types of rhizosphere were found 34 different types of AMF spores in shape and color. In grass, it was found three types of spores, i.e.: Glomus, Acaulospora, and Sclerocystis, meanwhile in leguminous just one type of spore was found, i.e.: Glomus. The difference of rhizosphere in grass and leguminosae resulted in different types of spores, where Sclerocystis and Acaulospora are found in grasses, on the contrary Sclerocystis and Acaulospora are not found in leguminosae. Based on the number of spores of AMF, it seemed that Glomus types found to have the most number, while Sclerocystis and Acaulospora had the lowest number of spores found. Key words: Exploration, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Grass, Legume, Spores

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soibam Helena Devi ◽  
Ingudam Bhupenchandra ◽  
Soibam Sinyorita ◽  
S.K. Chongtham ◽  
E. Lamalakshmi Devi
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Assimilation

The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with shade trees and Coffea arabica L. in a coffee-based agroforestry system in Bonga, Southwestern Ethiopia

Afrika Focus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-131
Author(s):  
Tadesse Chanie Sewnet ◽  
Fassil Assefa Tuju
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cordia Africana

In a first step to understand the interactions between Colfea arabica L. trees and mycorrhizae in Ethiopia, an investigation of the current mycorrhizal colonization status of roots was undertaken. We sampled 14 shade tree species occurring in coffee populations in Bonga forest, Ethiopia. Milletia ferruginea, Schefflera abyssinica, Croton macrostachyus, Ficus vasta, F. sur, Albizia gummifera, Olea capensis, Cordia africana, Ehretia abyssinica, Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Pavetta oliveriana, Prunus africana, Phoenix reclinata and Polyscias fulva. Coffee trees sampled under each shade tree were all shown to be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi). Four genera and 9 different species of AM fungi were found in the soils. Glomus (Sp1, Sp2, & Sp3 & Sp4), Scutellospora (Sp1 & Sp2) and Gigaspora (Sp1 & Sp2) were found under all 14 shade tree species, whereas Acaulospora (Sp1) occurred only in slightly acidic soils, within a pH range of 4.93-5.75. Generally, roots of the coffee trees were colonized by arbuscules to a greater degree than those of their shade trees, the arbuscular colonization percentage (AC%) of the former being higher than the latter (significant difference at 0.05 level). Though differences were not statistically significant, the overall hyphal colonization percentage (HC%) and mycorrhizal hyphal colonization percentage (MHC%) were shown to be slightly higher under coffee trees than under their shade trees. However, the differences were statistically significant at 0.05 level in the case of HC% values of coffee trees under Pouteria adolf-friederici and MHC% under Cordia africana. Spore density and all types of proportional root colonization parameters (HC%, MHC%, AC% and vesicular colonization percentage, VC%) for both coffee and shade trees were negatively and significantly correlated with organic soil carbon, total N, available P, EC and Zn. Correlation between arbuscular colonization for coffee (AC%) and organic carbon was not significantly positive at a 0.05 level. Incidence of specific spore morphotypes was also correlated with physical and chemical soil properties. Results indicate that AM fungi could potentially be important in aforestation and help to promote coffee production activities in Ethiopia providing an alternative to expensive chemical fertilizer use, and would offer management methods that take advantage of natural systems dynamics that could potentially preserve and enhance coffee production.

Concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in maize colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liu ◽  
C. Hamel ◽  
A. Elmi ◽  
C. Costa ◽  
B. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil

Little attention has been paid to the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the uptake of nutrients that move mainly by mass flow. The objective of this study was to assess the possible contribution of indigenous AM fungi to the K, Ca and Mg nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by soil P levels and its impact on plant dry mass. The field experiment had a split plot design with four replicates. Treatments included soil fumigation status (fumigation and non-fumigation) and three levels of P fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1) in a loamy sand soil in 1997 and a fine sandy loam soil in 1998. Soil fumigati on with Basamid® was used to suppress indigenous AM fungi. Plants were sampled at four different growth stages (6-leaf stage, 10-leaf stage, tasseling and silking). Soil fumigation decreased shoot dry weight, but P fertilization increased shoot dry weight at most sampling times. When no P fertilizer was added, fumigation in the loamy sand soil reduced shoot K and Ca concentrations while, in contrast, in the fine sandy loam soil only Mg concentration was reduced by soil fumigation. The concentration of K in maize shoots was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with extraradicular hyphal length in both soils. The correlation between the abundance of extraradicular hyphae and the concentrations of Ca and Mg in maize shoots was significant only for soils where available Ca or Mg was relatively low. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could increase corn biomass production and K, Ca and Mg uptake in soil low in these elements and low in P. These results indicate that the contribution of mycorrhizae to maize K, Ca and Mg nutrition can be significant in a field situation and that the extent of this contribution depends on the availability of these nutrients and of P in soils. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil fumigation, extraradicular hyphae, uptake of K, Ca, and Mg, soil P levels, maize

scholarly journals Influence of herbicide on plants in connection with formation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 369-373
Author(s):  
Zh. Z. Guralchuk ◽  
A. M. Sychuk ◽  
O. V. Gumenyuk
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Factors Influencing

Aim. The aim of the work is to analyze the available literature data on the effect of herbicides on the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Results. The article gives a brief overview of the influence of herbicides with different mechanism of action on the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. The direct and indirect effects of herbicides on the AM fungi, the different selectivity of AM fungi to herbicides and other factors influencing the effect of herbicides on biodiversity of AM fungi and the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis are considered. Conclusions. Herbicides with different mechanism of action can have a significant effect on the diversity of AM fungi present in the soil, the formation and functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Their effect on the AM fungi can be either direct or indirect due to the influence on the host plant. AM fungi, in turn, can also influence the selectivity of the plant to herbicides. Studies on the effect of herbicides on mycorrhizal symbiosis may be important for increasing the herbicide efficiency. Keywords: herbicides, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizal symbiosis.

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