scholarly journals Low levels of morning salivary α-amylase activity predict higher number of depressive symptoms in a community sample of children

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Enrique Francisco Maldonado Montero ◽  
María Eugenia Fernández Martín ◽  
María Victoria Trianes Torres ◽  
Carmen Ortiz García ◽  
Alfredo Engüix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Morning Cortisol ◽  
Teacher’S Report Form ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Depressive Episodes

<p>Models of the etiology of depressive disorders suggest that the onset of a depressive episode is the result of a complex phenomenon based on the interaction between genetic background, critical environmental factors such as life stressors and traumatic events, and the effects of neuroendocrine changes associated with the stress response. Numerous studies have highlighted the usefulness of morning cortisol (C) as a potential predictor of depressive episodes. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of C, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity/output, and the sAA/C ratio in predicting depressive symptoms in a community sample of 99 children aged 8-11 years old. Two saliva samples were obtained in the morning on two different school days. Teachers described their pupils' behavior by using the internalizing problems scales of the <em>Teacher’s Report Form</em> (TRF) questionnaire. Our results indicate that, regardless of gender, the best predictor of depressive/withdrawal scores and overall internalizing scores on the TRF was lower mean morning levels of sAA activity. Hence, sAA could be proposed as a biological marker for the risk of developing a first episode of depressive illness in child samples. </p>

Depressive Disorder in Primary Care

1987 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. R. Blacker ◽  
A. W. Clare
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Since the pioneering study of psychiatric morbidity in primary care by Shepherdet alin 1966, it has become increasingly apparent that a substantial proportion (between 20% and 25%) of patients consulting their GP are suffering from some form of psychiatric disturbance (Goldberg & Blackwell, 1970; Hoeperet al,1979). The composition of this psychiatric morbidity has been shown to be almost wholly affective in nature and largely mild in degree. In their important review Jenkins & Shepherd (1983) recently summarised the now extensive findings relating to overall minor psychiatric morbidity in primary care. However, recent collaborative studies between psychiatrists and GPs have identified that within this dilute pool of minor disorders, lurks a significant but poorly served population of patients suffering from depressive disorders which are by no means minor in degree. A number of crucial issues regarding this depression in primary care emerge which the present paper aims to review. In particular, how common is it, and how severe? How does it present and what, if any, are its special characteristics? What is the precise relationship between depressive symptoms and depressive illness presenting to the GP and what is the relationship between physical illness and depression? And finally, what is the course and outcome of depression in this setting and what are the indications for and effect of treatment?

scholarly journals Converging evidence for enduring perceptions of low social status in individuals in remission from depression.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gillard ◽  
Siobhan Gormley ◽  
Kirsty Griffiths ◽  
Caitlin Hitchcock ◽  
Jason Stretton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mental Health Difficulties ◽  
Depressive Episodes

BackgroundThe risk of depressive relapse and recurrence is amplified by social risk factors including the perception of low social status. MethodsWe aimed to identify enduring difficulties with the perception of social status in a community sample with a self-reported history of mental health difficulties (Study 1) and, more specifically, in individuals in clinical remission from depression, relative to a never-depressed control group, and relative to a group experiencing a current depressive episode (Study 2). ResultsIn Study 1, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with perceptions of low social status which significantly differed between individuals with and without a self-reported history of mental health difficulties. Study 2 found enduring deficits in perceptions of social status in remitted depressed individuals, in the absence of current symptoms. LimitationsWe were unable to discern between historical or current clinical diagnosis in the community sample of Study 1, as we were reliant on self-report. We were unable to explore the effects of medication or causal relationships between depressive symptoms and social status as the studies were cross-sectional in nature. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that disrupted socio-cognitive profiles across a range of affiliative processes may confer increased vulnerability to future depressive episodes in those in remission.

scholarly journals Response style and severity and chronicity of depressive disorders in primary health care

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
K. Riihimäki ◽  
M. Vuorilehto ◽  
P. Jylhä ◽  
E. Isometsä
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Primary Care Patients ◽  
Depressive Episodes

AbstractBackgroundResponse styles theory of depression postulates that rumination is a central factor in occurrence, severity and maintaining of depression. High neuroticism has been associated with tendency to ruminate. We investigated associations of response styles and neuroticism with severity and chronicity of depression in a primary care cohort study.MethodsIn the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study, a stratified random sample of 1119 adult patients was screened for depression using the Prime-MD. Depressive and comorbid psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using SCID-I/P and SCID-II interviews. Of the 137 patients with depressive disorders, 82% completed the prospective five-year follow-up with a graphic life chart enabling evaluation of the longitudinal course of episodes. Neuroticism was measured with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI-Q). Response styles were investigated at five years using the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ-43).ResultsAt five years, rumination correlated significantly with scores of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (r = 0.54), Beck Depression Inventory (r = 0.61), Beck Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.50), Beck Hopelessness Scale (r = 0.51) and Neuroticism (r = 0.58). Rumination correlated also with proportion of follow-up time spent depressed (r = 0.38). In multivariate regression, high rumination was significantly predicted by current depressive symptoms and neuroticism, but not by anxiety symptoms or preceding duration of depressive episodes.ConclusionsAmong primary care patients with depression, rumination correlated with current severity of depressive symptoms, but the association with preceding episode duration remained uncertain. The association between neuroticism and rumination was strong. The findings are consistent with rumination as a state-related phenomenon, which is also strongly intertwined with traits predisposing to depression.

scholarly journals Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of unipolar depressive disorders in a community sample of adolescents

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. OLDEHINKEL ◽  
H.-U. WITTCHEN ◽  
P. SCHUSTER
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background. This article presents prospective longitudinal findings on prevalence, incidence, patterns of change and stability of depressive disorders in a community sample of 1228 adolescents.Methods. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (20 months later) in a representative population sample of 1228 adolescents, aged 14–17 at baseline. Diagnostic assessment was based on the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).Results. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of any depressive condition was 20·0% (major depressive disorder (MDD), 12·2%; dysthymia, 3·5%; subthreshold MDD, 6·3%), of which about one-third were incident depressions in the period between baseline and follow-up. Depressive disorders rarely started before the age of 13. Females were about twice as likely as males to develop a depressive disorder. Overall, the 20-month outcome of baseline depression was unfavourable. Dysthymia had the poorest outcome of all, with a complete remission rate of only 33% versus 43% for MDD and 54% for subthreshold MDD. Dysthymia also had the highest number of depressive episodes, and most psychosocial impairment and suicidal behavioural during follow-up. Treatment rates were low (8–23%). Subthreshold MDD associated with considerable impairment had an almost identical course and outcome as threshold MDD.Conclusions. DSM-IV MDD and dysthymia are rare before the age of 13, but frequent during adolescence, with an estimated lifetime cumulative incidence of 14%. Only a minority of these disorders in adolescence is treated, and more than half of them persist or remit only partly.

scholarly journals Personality diatheses and Hurricane Sandy: effects on post-disaster depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Kopala-Sibley ◽  
R. Kotov ◽  
E. J. Bromet ◽  
G. A. Carlson ◽  
A. P. Danzig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Stress Models ◽  
Disaster Exposure

BackgroundAccording to diathesis–stress models, personality traits, such as negative emotionality (NE) and positive emotionality (PE), may moderate the effects of stressors on the development of depression. However, relatively little empirical research has directly examined whether NE and PE act as diatheses in the presence of stressful life events, and no research has examined whether they moderate the effect of disaster exposure on depressive symptoms. Hurricane Sandy, the second costliest hurricane in US history, offers a unique opportunity to address these gaps.MethodA total of 318 women completed measures of NE and PE 5 years prior to Hurricane Sandy. They were also assessed for lifetime depressive disorders on two occasions, the latter occurring an average of 1 year before the hurricane. Approximately 8 weeks after the disaster (mean = 8.40, s.d. = 1.48 weeks), participants completed a hurricane stress exposure questionnaire and a measure of current depressive symptoms.ResultsAdjusting for lifetime history of depressive disorders, higher levels of stress from Hurricane Sandy predicted elevated levels of depressive symptoms, but only in participants with high levels of NE or low levels of PE.ConclusionsThese findings support the role of personality in the development of depression and suggest that personality traits can be useful in identifying those most vulnerable to major stressors, including natural disasters.

scholarly journals Effects of anxiety on the long-term course of depressive disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Coryell ◽  
Jess G. Fiedorowicz ◽  
David Solomon ◽  
Andrew C. Leon ◽  
John P. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
Prognostic Importance ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundIt is well established that the presence of prominent anxiety within depressive episodes portends poorer outcomes. Important questions remain as to which anxiety features are important to outcome and how sustained their prognostic effects are over time.AimsTo examine the relative prognostic importance of specific anxiety features and to determine whether their effects persist over decades and apply to both unipolar and bipolar conditions.MethodParticipants with unipolar (n = 476) or bipolar (n = 335) depressive disorders were intensively followed for a mean of 16.7 years (s.d. = 8.5).ResultsThe number and severity of anxiety symptoms, but not the presence of pre-existing anxiety disorders, showed a robust and continuous relationship to the subsequent time spent in depressive episodes in both unipolar and bipolar depressive disorder. The strength of this relationship changed little over five successive 5-year periods.ConclusionsThe severity of current anxiety symptoms within depressive episodes correlates strongly with the persistence of subsequent depressive symptoms and this relationship is stable over decades.

scholarly journals Major Depression and its Association with Long-Term Medical Conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M Gagnon ◽  
Scott B Pat ten
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Objective: To replicate previously re ported as sociations between major depressive episodes (MDEs) and long-term medical conditions in a Canadian community sample. Methods: A sample of 2542 house hold residents was selected using random digit dialing (RDD). Data were collected by tele phone in ter view. The Composite International Diagnostic In ter view (CIDI)-Short Form for major depression (CIDI-SFMD) was used to identify MDEs occurring in the previous 12 months. Long-term medical conditions were identified by self-report. Results: The prevalence of MDE was elevated in those subjects who re ported 1 or more long-term medical conditions. The association was not due to con founding by age, sex, social support, or stressful recent life events. Conclusion: This study replicates a previously re ported as sociation between depressive disorders and long-term medical conditions. These cross-sectional associations suggest that medical conditions may increase the risk of major depression or that major depression may in crease the risk of medical conditions. Alternatively, comorbid medical conditions may influence the duration of depressive episodes, or vice versa. These explanations are not mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Cross-Lagged Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Response Style in Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Kim M. van Ettekoven ◽  
Sanne P. A. Rasing ◽  
Ad A. Vermulst ◽  
Rutger C. M. E. Engels ◽  
Karlijn C. M. Kindt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Ratio Approach ◽  
Longitudinal Relationships

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent during adolescence and they are a major concern for individuals and society. The Response Style Theory and the Scar Theory both suggest a relationship between response styles and depressive symptoms, but the theories differ in the order of the development of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal reciprocal prospective relationships between depressive symptoms and response styles were examined in a community sample of 1343 adolescents. Additionally, response style was constructed with the traditional approach, which involves examining three response styles separately without considering the possible relations between them, and with the ratio approach, which accounts for all three response styles simultaneously. No reciprocal relationships between depressive symptoms and response style were found over time. Only longitudinal relationships between response style and depressive symptoms were significant. This study found that only depressive symptoms predicted response style, whereas the response style did not emerge as an important underlying mechanism responsible for developing and maintaining depressive symptoms in adolescents. These findings imply that prevention and intervention programs for adolescents with low depressive symptoms should not focus on adaptive and maladaptive response style strategies to decrease depressive symptoms, but should focus more on behavioral interventions.

scholarly journals Depression, violence and cortisol awakening response: a 3-year longitudinal study in adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongqin Yu ◽  
Susan Branje ◽  
Wim Meeus ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Seena Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Invariant Factors

AbstractBackgroundDespite evidence of links between depression and violent outcomes, potential moderators of this association remain unknown. The current study tested whether a biological marker, cortisol, moderated this association in a longitudinal sample of adolescents.MethodsParticipants were 358 Dutch adolescents (205 boys) with a mean age of 15 years at the first measurement. Depressive symptoms, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and violent outcomes were measured annually across 3 years. The CAR was assessed by two measures: waking cortisol activity (CAR area under the curve ground) and waking cortisol reactivity (CAR area under the curve increase). Within-individual regression models were adopted to test the interaction effects between depressive symptoms and CAR on violent outcomes, which accounted for all time-invariant factors such as genetic factors and early environments. We additionally adjusted for time-varying factors including alcohol drinking, substance use and stressful life events.ResultsIn this community sample, 24% of adolescents perpetrated violent behaviours over 3 years. We found that CAR moderated the effects of depressive symptoms on adolescent violent outcomes (βs ranged from −0.12 to −0.28). In particular, when the CAR was low, depressive symptoms were positively associated with violent outcomes in within-individual models, whereas the associations were reversed when the CAR was high.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the CAR should be investigated further as a potential biological marker for violence in adolescents with high levels of depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals The progression of 102 Brazilian patients with bipolar disorder: outcome of first 12 months of prospective follow-up

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Novis ◽  
Patricia Cirillo ◽  
Rafael Assis da Silva ◽  
Ana Letícia Santos ◽  
Luciana Angélica Silva Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
First Episode ◽  
First Year ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Depressive Episodes

INTRODUCTION: Prospective studies have shown that the course of bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by the persistence of symptoms, predominantly depression, along most of the time. However, to our knowledge, no studies in Latin America have investigated it. OBJECTIVES: To replicate international studies using a Brazilian sample to prospectively analyze treatment outcomes in the first year and to determine potential chronicity factors. METHODS: We followed up 102 patients with BD for 12 months and evaluated the number of months with affective episodes and the intensity of manic and depressive symptoms using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D17). Sociodemographic and retrospective clinical data were examined to determine possible predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Almost 50% of the patients had symptoms about half of the time, and there was a predominance of depressive episodes. Disease duration and number of depressive episodes were predictors of chronicity. Depressive polarity of the first episode and a higher number of depressive episodes predicted the occurrence of new depressive episodes. CONCLUSION: In general, BD outcome seems to be poor in the first year of monitoring, despite adequate treatment. There is a predominance of depressive symptoms, and previous depressive episodes are a predictor of new depressive episodes and worse outcome.

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