scholarly journals Ułomności statystyki motoryzacji w Polsce i ich konsekwencje dla badań geograficznych = Shortcomings of Poland’s motorisation statistics, and their implications for geographical research

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-245
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Kołsut ◽  
Jędrzej Gadziński ◽  
Tadeusz Stryjakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Geographical Research ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Reports from the European Commission (e.g. European Commission, 2018) show a relatively high level of motorisation in Poland (leaving the country ranked 6th among EU Member States). The number of cars per 1000 inhabitants is higher here than in any other of the formerly-communist countries acceding to the EU in or after 2004. Unfortunately, however, this situation inter alia reflects twisted statistics on motorisation that do not therefore offer a full or proper reflection of the real situation on the Polish car market. This article has devoted itself to the analysis of shortcomings characterising three groups of motorisation statistics relating to: 1. the cars known as “dead souls” (end-of-life vehicles) – whose numbers are overstated (by perhaps 6 million cars – or 26% of the entire total), given the retention on the register of those that have not been on the road for a long time, 2. “cars with a grille” – part of a Poland-specific phenomenon that results in understatement of numbers of cars and overstatement of numbers of goods vehicles (to the tune of perhaps 750,000), given people’s efforts to ensure that personal cars are approved for registration as commercial vehicles, 3. company cars, given overstatement (equal to perhaps 1.5 million) of numbers of vehicles in cities due to the presence of leasing companies and large enterprises operating company cars. The spatial distribution across the country of cars in the above–mentioned groups is very uneven and does much to influence spatial patterns relating to Poland’s motorisation rate (s). Overall, motorisation is much overestimated in large cities (e.g. Warsaw, Poznań, Katowice and Wrocław), while being underestimated in rural areas (especially in SE Poland). A crucial achievement of our analysis involves correction of official European statistics in this regard. The discrepancies characterising the statistics have the clear spatial distribution presented in Fig. 6. In its last section, this article then attempts to determine the consequences of such twisting of the motorisation statistics where both geographical research and decision-making are concerned.

scholarly journals Quantification of Land Cover Changes in Sub-urban Areas of Pekanbaru City

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 (1) ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
F. Firmansyah ◽  
A. B. Raharja
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages

Abstract Morphologically, land cover, urban and rural areas have different characteristics. It is the same as Pekanbaru City area that has unique characteristics including its surrounding regencies. However, the high level of land demand caused by increasing economic activity, high natural and non-natural population growth, makes the morphology of land cover in urban and rural areas unclear. Empirically this beginning to be considered common in urban areas that have a role as a strategic point or center of economic activity, but one of the concerns is the development of unplanned and dominating areas in a space that later create a more fragile environmental conditions in suburban areas. This study aimed to identify changes in land cover and assess the level of conformity of land use in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City. This study used a description method with two stages, (1). Identifying land cover using temporal images, (2). Analyze the level of conformity of land use. The results showed that there are four patterns of land cover change in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City, especially on the road axis connecting the surrounding area. These developments indicate nonconformity of land use which has an impact on the loss of protected land and productive plantation land in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City.

Analysis of Pedestrian Movement on Delhi Roads by Using Naturalistic Observation Techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 2634 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhaya Jha ◽  
Geetam Tiwari ◽  
Dinesh Mohan ◽  
Sudipto Mukherjee ◽  
Subhashish Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Pedestrian Behavior ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Space ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
Indian Cities

Pedestrian fatalities constitute about 30% of the deaths caused by road traffic crashes in India. The proportion of pedestrian fatalities in large cities (Delhi, Mumbai, etc.) varies from 50% to 60% and is about 20% to 30% on national and state highways. Pedestrians are present on all road categories in urban as well as rural areas. At least 20% to 40% of work trips are taken as pedestrian trips in most Indian cities. However, on pedestrian facilities such as footpaths, safe crossing facilities are not present in most Indian cities. Even when present, their poor maintenance and poor construction quality make them unusable. As a result, pedestrians are forced to share the road space with motorized vehicles and to cross the roads where there is no safe pedestrian crossing. This paper attempts to study pedestrian behavior—walking along the road and crossing the road—by detecting pedestrians with the use of a vehicle-mounted camera. The vehicle is driven on various categories of roads at different times. The data collected with this method are varied temporally as well as spatially. A smartphone–based GPS logging app was used to collect telemetry data, which were synced with the camera feed. The objective of this study was to understand pedestrian behavior—walking on the road versus a footpath in the presence of various road features, such as the number of lanes, presence of medians, and presence of footpaths. The influence of the presence of public transport stops, junctions, foot bridges, and grade-separated junctions (flyover) on pedestrian crossing behavior was studied.

scholarly journals Brake systems: a mind of their own

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Michael Ellims
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Control Software ◽  
The Road ◽  
Current Production ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level ◽  
Electronic Sensors ◽  
Systems Failure

Brake systems fitted to current production vehicles are not the relativity straightforward hydraulic systems that many people expect. Rather they have evolved into complex systems which are on their own deliberately capable of affecting the behaviour of a vehicle. Crucially they depend on computers, software and electronic sensors to allow them to form a model of how the vehicle is expected to behave on the road and how it is actually behaving. Like any artefact they can, and do fail. This paper provides a high-level overview of the braking systems currently in place, how these systems act and present some examples of how they have failed in practice. Index words: vehicles; vehicle electronics; electronic control; software; brake systems; failure modes

V.—The Occurrence of Glacial Clay on the Cotteswold Plateau

1905 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
The Road ◽  
Glacial Clay ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Mr. L. Richardson, F.G.S., having informed me that he had seen gravels at a high level on the road leading from Stow-on-the-Wold to Burford, I visited the locality, accompanied by Mr. J. W. Gray, F.G.S. About 3⅓ miles north of Burford, at the corner of the turning to Tangley, we came upon a deposit of clay with northern erratics in a quarry of oolite. As the position of such a formation was unexpected, and might be important, it seems desirable to record the discovery.

Preliminary Results in the Development of a Database for Noise Maps

2015 ◽  
Vol 801 ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Anca Maria Moscovici
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Noise Data ◽  
On The Road ◽  
National Road ◽  
Gis System

The control of roads traffic, of noise, of all other problems which occur on national road sections are much more manageable through Geographic Information Systems. The possibility of changing parameters in real time from a database, allows rapid information on problems encountered and efficient solutions at a more sustained rate.This paper presents a proposed solution to improve the Geographic Information System by adding noise data, by carrying out a case study on the road section Sag - Voiteg that connects Timisoara (Romania) and Belgrade (Serbia). The existing GIS system was established in 2012 according to the legislation in force at the time. As Year 2017 will mark the next stage of issuing the noise maps according to the rules set by CNOSSOS-EU, the measurements done for this study will follow these new methods. CNOSSOS-EU accurately describes the objectives and methodology requirements, establishes clear criteria for road traffic and sound propagation.The advantage of uniformity standards and methods of control in all EU Member States allows comparative studies on pollution, the number of people affected, etc.

Predictive Control of Autonomous Ground Vehicles With Obstacle Avoidance on Slippery Roads

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqi Gao ◽  
Theresa Lin ◽  
Francesco Borrelli ◽  
Eric Tseng ◽  
Davor Hrovat
Keyword(s):  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
The Road ◽  
On Line ◽  
Nonlinear Vehicle Model ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Two frameworks based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for obstacle avoidance with autonomous vehicles are presented. A given trajectory represents the driver intent. An MPC has to safely avoid obstacles on the road while trying to track the desired trajectory by controlling front steering angle and differential braking. We present two different approaches to this problem. The first approach solves a single nonlinear MPC problem. The second approach uses a hierarchical scheme. At the high-level, a trajectory is computed on-line, in a receding horizon fashion, based on a simplified point-mass vehicle model in order to avoid an obstacle. At the low-level an MPC controller computes the vehicle inputs in order to best follow the high level trajectory based on a nonlinear vehicle model. This article presents the design and comparison of both approaches, the method for implementing them, and successful experimental results on icy roads.

Assessment of Dust Concentrations Affecting People Working on Roadsides to Mahasarakham University

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 676-680
Author(s):  
Arika Bridhikitti ◽  
Kanjana Thongsanit ◽  
Sunisa Chumphuthim ◽  
Patsorn Khwasui ◽  
Pawadee Nabumrung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Respirable Dust ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standard ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dust Sampling

This study aims to assess possibility of health risk attributed to nuisance dust on people living and working on roadside areas nearby Mahasarakham University (MSU). Nuisance dust was measured during November 2012 to May 2013 covering a school semester and a school break. All samples for Ban Tha Kong Yang roadside area showed high level of ambient aerosol with size less than 10 micron and the level was exceeding the national ambient air quality standard of 0.12 mg m-3 . Approximately half of the samples taken for Ban Kham Riang also show the same result. This suggests significant dust problem in these areas and could potentially cause adverse human health effects. Results from personal respirable dust sampling show that construction worker was exposed to the highest respirable dust concentration among three occupations, including security guard and street-food cooker. The levels were significantly higher with longer time on the road and having earth moving activity nearby. Occupational exposure to respirable dust, however, was not exceeding the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard of 5 mg m-3.

On the Road to Computer Assisted Compositions

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Woodruff ◽  
Carl Bereiter ◽  
Marlene Scardamalia
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
School Age ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Road ◽  
Composing Process ◽  
On Line ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Two studies are reported that explore the feasibility of computer assisted composition in helping school-age children handle high-level aspects of the composing process. The first study used a program featuring help in selecting structural elements to include in opinion essays. The twelve grade six students, serving as subjects in the study, reported that the program was helpful, but a qualitative analysis of their products suggests the intervention was too easily assimilated to a low-level “What next?” composing strategy. In an attempt to strengthen the intervention, the second study introduced a response-sensitive questioning procedure. Qualitative measures suggest the thirty-six grade eight students found this on-line intervention to be too intrusive. The two approaches to on-line facilitation are discussed, and lines for the future investigation of computer assisted composition for the novice composer are suggested.

scholarly journals The Effect of Snow on Traffic Counts in Western New York State

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Call
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
New York State ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Counts ◽  
York State ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Moderate Negative Correlation ◽  
On The Road

Abstract While most people know anecdotally that weather affects traffic, relatively little research has examined the correlation between snow and traffic in great detail. Most studies have also been difficult to generalize for other areas and regions where drivers may be accustomed to more (or less) snow. This study examines the relationship between snow and traffic volumes in western New York State, an area that is regularly inundated by snow (more than 225 cm most seasons). Total daily traffic counts for the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) showed a moderate negative correlation to snow for the period of study (2003–10). However, this correlation is caused by the large number of passenger cars and other similar vehicles on the road. Most other vehicle types, such as tractor trailers, had no correlation whatsoever. Additionally, the results for all vehicle classes were similar for both suburban and rural areas. Finally, it was observed that the ratio of large to small vehicles increases during snow events.

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