scholarly journals Brake systems: a mind of their own

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Michael Ellims
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Control Software ◽  
The Road ◽  
Current Production ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level ◽  
Electronic Sensors ◽  
Systems Failure

Brake systems fitted to current production vehicles are not the relativity straightforward hydraulic systems that many people expect. Rather they have evolved into complex systems which are on their own deliberately capable of affecting the behaviour of a vehicle. Crucially they depend on computers, software and electronic sensors to allow them to form a model of how the vehicle is expected to behave on the road and how it is actually behaving. Like any artefact they can, and do fail. This paper provides a high-level overview of the braking systems currently in place, how these systems act and present some examples of how they have failed in practice. Index words: vehicles; vehicle electronics; electronic control; software; brake systems; failure modes

V.—The Occurrence of Glacial Clay on the Cotteswold Plateau

1905 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
The Road ◽  
Glacial Clay ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Mr. L. Richardson, F.G.S., having informed me that he had seen gravels at a high level on the road leading from Stow-on-the-Wold to Burford, I visited the locality, accompanied by Mr. J. W. Gray, F.G.S. About 3⅓ miles north of Burford, at the corner of the turning to Tangley, we came upon a deposit of clay with northern erratics in a quarry of oolite. As the position of such a formation was unexpected, and might be important, it seems desirable to record the discovery.

Predictive Control of Autonomous Ground Vehicles With Obstacle Avoidance on Slippery Roads

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqi Gao ◽  
Theresa Lin ◽  
Francesco Borrelli ◽  
Eric Tseng ◽  
Davor Hrovat
Keyword(s):  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
The Road ◽  
On Line ◽  
Nonlinear Vehicle Model ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Two frameworks based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for obstacle avoidance with autonomous vehicles are presented. A given trajectory represents the driver intent. An MPC has to safely avoid obstacles on the road while trying to track the desired trajectory by controlling front steering angle and differential braking. We present two different approaches to this problem. The first approach solves a single nonlinear MPC problem. The second approach uses a hierarchical scheme. At the high-level, a trajectory is computed on-line, in a receding horizon fashion, based on a simplified point-mass vehicle model in order to avoid an obstacle. At the low-level an MPC controller computes the vehicle inputs in order to best follow the high level trajectory based on a nonlinear vehicle model. This article presents the design and comparison of both approaches, the method for implementing them, and successful experimental results on icy roads.

Assessment of Dust Concentrations Affecting People Working on Roadsides to Mahasarakham University

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 676-680
Author(s):  
Arika Bridhikitti ◽  
Kanjana Thongsanit ◽  
Sunisa Chumphuthim ◽  
Patsorn Khwasui ◽  
Pawadee Nabumrung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Respirable Dust ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standard ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dust Sampling

This study aims to assess possibility of health risk attributed to nuisance dust on people living and working on roadside areas nearby Mahasarakham University (MSU). Nuisance dust was measured during November 2012 to May 2013 covering a school semester and a school break. All samples for Ban Tha Kong Yang roadside area showed high level of ambient aerosol with size less than 10 micron and the level was exceeding the national ambient air quality standard of 0.12 mg m-3 . Approximately half of the samples taken for Ban Kham Riang also show the same result. This suggests significant dust problem in these areas and could potentially cause adverse human health effects. Results from personal respirable dust sampling show that construction worker was exposed to the highest respirable dust concentration among three occupations, including security guard and street-food cooker. The levels were significantly higher with longer time on the road and having earth moving activity nearby. Occupational exposure to respirable dust, however, was not exceeding the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard of 5 mg m-3.

On the Road to Computer Assisted Compositions

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Woodruff ◽  
Carl Bereiter ◽  
Marlene Scardamalia
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
School Age ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Road ◽  
Composing Process ◽  
On Line ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Two studies are reported that explore the feasibility of computer assisted composition in helping school-age children handle high-level aspects of the composing process. The first study used a program featuring help in selecting structural elements to include in opinion essays. The twelve grade six students, serving as subjects in the study, reported that the program was helpful, but a qualitative analysis of their products suggests the intervention was too easily assimilated to a low-level “What next?” composing strategy. In an attempt to strengthen the intervention, the second study introduced a response-sensitive questioning procedure. Qualitative measures suggest the thirty-six grade eight students found this on-line intervention to be too intrusive. The two approaches to on-line facilitation are discussed, and lines for the future investigation of computer assisted composition for the novice composer are suggested.

The Relationship between Maintenance Factor and Lighting Level in Tunnel Lighting

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sait Cengiz
Keyword(s):  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Simulation Program ◽  
The Road ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Computer Environment ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

Performance decreases in lighting equipment with a high level of contamination have been analysed in this study. Effect of decreases in luminous flux arising from abrasions and usage on tunnel illumination levels has been analysed and results of measurements in real environment and simulation environment have been compared. Calculations, which are complicated and difficult by traditional methods, have been visualized by a simulation program prepared in the computer environment. Results recorded at 60 points by measuring by a luxmeter, which was placed in the middle of 2.266 m2 fields on the road surface into the tunnel, have been compared with simulation results. Thanks to the simulation program used, tunnel lighting measurements would not be necessary, which they take a long time in the physical environment by measurement devices and are carried out by stopping vehicle traffic. Tunnel lighting maintenances, which are complicated and take a long time, will be carried out in a short time and more accurately, and waste of resources could be prevented. It has been determined in the study that more accurate results could be obtained in ergonomic, economic, and using aspects.

scholarly journals Driving while navigating: On-road driving performance using GPS or printed instructions

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Marchman Cochran ◽  
Anne E. Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Point System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
On The Road ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Better Than

Background. Route navigation is a high-level skill and requires intact executive functioning to successfully find one’s way while driving in unfamiliar environments. Purpose. Driving performances were compared while navigating using electronic devices and printed directions on unfamiliar driving routes as well as in an interactive driving simulator. Method. Twenty-four participants drove two on-road routes using GPS and printed directions, and navigated using printed directions in the simulator, using a point system to evaluate performance. The two unfamiliar routes, order of simulator and on-road driving, and use of GPS and printed directions were counterbalanced. Paired t test were used to compare both GPS versus printed directions and performance between on-road driving and the simulator. Findings. Participants’ performance using GPS on the road was significantly better than with printed directions. There was no significant difference between performance in the simulator and on the road. Implications. Using GPS may be an effective strategy for improving safety. Using a driving simulator may be an efficient means of evaluating the strategic level of driving, executive function, and readiness to drive.

scholarly journals A Grid-Based Framework for Collective Perception in Autonomous Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Jorge Godoy ◽  
Víctor Jiménez ◽  
Antonio Artuñedo ◽  
Jorge Villagra
Keyword(s):  
Object Tracking ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
The Road ◽  
Occupancy Grid ◽  
One Step ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Grid Based

Today, perception solutions for Automated Vehicles rely on sensors on board the vehicle, which are limited by the line of sight and occlusions caused by any other elements on the road. As an alternative, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications allow vehicles to cooperate and enhance their perception capabilities. Besides announcing its own presence and intentions, services such as Collective Perception (CPS) aim to share information about perceived objects as a high-level description. This work proposes a perception framework for fusing information from on-board sensors and data received via CPS messages (CPM). To that end, the environment is modeled using an occupancy grid where occupied, and free and uncertain space is considered. For each sensor, including V2X, independent grids are calculated from sensor measurements and uncertainties and then fused in terms of both occupancy and confidence. Moreover, the implementation of a Particle Filter allows the evolution of cell occupancy from one step to the next, allowing for object tracking. The proposed framework was validated on a set of experiments using real vehicles and infrastructure sensors for sensing static and dynamic objects. Results showed a good performance even under important uncertainties and delays, hence validating the viability of the proposed framework for Collective Perception.

scholarly journals Quantification of Land Cover Changes in Sub-urban Areas of Pekanbaru City

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 (1) ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
F. Firmansyah ◽  
A. B. Raharja
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages

Abstract Morphologically, land cover, urban and rural areas have different characteristics. It is the same as Pekanbaru City area that has unique characteristics including its surrounding regencies. However, the high level of land demand caused by increasing economic activity, high natural and non-natural population growth, makes the morphology of land cover in urban and rural areas unclear. Empirically this beginning to be considered common in urban areas that have a role as a strategic point or center of economic activity, but one of the concerns is the development of unplanned and dominating areas in a space that later create a more fragile environmental conditions in suburban areas. This study aimed to identify changes in land cover and assess the level of conformity of land use in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City. This study used a description method with two stages, (1). Identifying land cover using temporal images, (2). Analyze the level of conformity of land use. The results showed that there are four patterns of land cover change in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City, especially on the road axis connecting the surrounding area. These developments indicate nonconformity of land use which has an impact on the loss of protected land and productive plantation land in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City.

Building a Robotic, LEO-to-GEO Satellite Servicing Infrastructure as an Economic Foundation for 21st-Century Space Exploration

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Gary A. P. Horsham ◽  
George R. Schmidt ◽  
James H. Gilland
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Satellite Servicing ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

The strategy for accomplishing civilian exploration goals and objectives is in the process of a fundamental shift toward a new approach called “Flexible Path.” In this paper, the authors present a strategically aligned, government-industry partnership focused on the commercial development of Low Earth Orbit to Geostationary Orbit (LEO-to-GEO (LTG)) space over the next quarter century. A LTG satellite-servicing infrastructure and architecture concept is presented along with a brief assessment of the key applicable technologies. The evolution of the communications satellite industry is also discussed within the context of an emerging commercial in-space servicing industry. Large-scale, robotic, LTG satellite servicing is considered an essential economic pre-condition and next parallel or sequential step on the road toward robust, capital intensive human-robotic exploration beyond LEO. Such a step might produce the necessary pre-requisite economic value that can be used by future decision makers to justify further investment in exploration. A high-level implementation plan is offered.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Security of Fiber Optic Lines in Cloud Computing within the Operation of Remote Laboratories

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Pavel Beňo ◽  
František Schauer ◽  
Sandra Šprinková ◽  
Tomáš Komenda
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Optical Path ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
The Road ◽  
Remote Laboratories ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level ◽  
Common Situation

<p class="0keywords"><em>In this article, we want to point out what security and monitoring of fiber optics are.</em> <em>By increasing the number of RLs and, of course, connecting several locations through FO, we were able to build a cloud solution with a high level of security. However, the distance between the Datacentres (DTCs) is often large and there are many pitfalls on the road associated with the operation of the optical path, so we were forced to find a suitable monitoring solution. The main problems described are the bending or kinking of the optical fiber as well as the need for monitoring the safety of the fiber at the lowest level. In this article, we will describe how we have dealt with this issue and we will also mention specific cases where our monitoring system was very useful for us. With the help of it, we eliminated problems faster than we could have done in a common situation while waiting for an Internet Service Provider (ISP), etc.</em></p>

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