Shell Mounds in the Southeast: Middens, Monuments, Temple Mounds, Rings, or Works?

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Marquardt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mound Construction ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Shell Mounds ◽  
Shell Rings ◽  
Oriented Approach

Focusing on the southeastern United States, I provide some alternative perspectives on shell mounds previously interpreted as architectural features, temple mounds, and feasting sites. The same pattern of deposition often inferred to indicate mound construction—darker-colored, highly organic strata alternating with lighter-colored, shell-rich strata—can be accounted for by domestic midden accumulation and disposal of refuse away from living areas. Observed abundances of particular shell species can result from local or regional ecological conditions. Site complexes interpreted as architectural may have evolved largely in response to short-term climate changes. Shell rings on the Georgia and South Carolina coasts probably functioned to conserve and store unconfined water. To understand ancient shell mounds, we need a sediment-oriented approach to the study of mound deposits and more attention to the environmental contexts in which shell mounds accumulated.

Archaic Shell Mounds in the American Southeast

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Saunders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
The Past ◽  
Island Area ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Shell Mounds ◽  
The Future ◽  
American Southeast ◽  
Shell Rings

Freshwater and estuarine shellfish began to be exploited in the southeastern United States between 9000 and 7000 b.p. Shortly thereafter, shell mounds appeared in the mid-South Shell Mound Archaic, along the St. Johns River in peninsular Florida, and, somewhat later, in the Stallings Island area along the middle Savannah River. On the lower Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, shell rings arose. Until recently, all these mounds were considered middens—the accumulations of the remains of simple meals of mobile peoples who visited the same areas for hundreds or thousands of years. More recent scholarship indicates that these mounds were deliberate constructions—some of the first sculpted landscapes created by Archaic peoples to memorialize the past, celebrate the present, and provide for the future. In this chapter, recent research on shell sites in these four areas is discussed. The emphasis is on changing perspectives about the peoples who built them.

scholarly journals Fungicide Rotation Programs for Managing Phytophthora Fruit Rot of Watermelon in Southeastern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar (Shaker) S. Kousik ◽  
Pingsheng Ji ◽  
Daniel S. Egel ◽  
Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Before And After

About 50% of the watermelons in the United States are produced in the southeastern states, where optimal conditions for development of Phytophthora fruit rot prevail. Phytophthora fruit rot significantly limits watermelon production by causing serious yield losses before and after fruit harvest. Efficacy of fungicide rotation programs and Melcast-scheduled sprays for managing Phytophthora fruit rot was determined by conducting experiments in Phytophthora capsici-infested fields at three locations in southeastern United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). The mini seedless cultivar Wonder and seeded cultivar Mickey Lee (pollenizer) were used. Five weekly applications of fungicides were made at all locations. Significant fruit rot (53 to 91%, mean 68%) was observed in the nontreated control plots in all three years (2013 to 2015) and across locations. All fungicide rotation programs significantly reduced Phytophthora fruit rot compared with nontreated controls. Overall, the rotation of Zampro alternated with Orondis was highly effective across three locations and two years. Rotations of Actigard followed by Ranman+Ridomil Gold, Presidio, V-10208, and Orondis, or rotation of Revus alternated with Presidio were similarly effective. Use of Melcast, a melon disease-forecasting tool, may occasionally enable savings of one spray application without significantly impacting control. Although many fungicides are available for use in rotations, under very heavy rain and pathogen pressure, the fungicides alone may not offer adequate protection; therefore, an integrated approach should be used with other management options including well-drained fields.

Recent Research Concerning the Freezing Point Value of Milk Produced in the Southeastern United States

1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-736
Author(s):  
R W Henningson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
Milk Solids

Abstract In 1953 Dahlberg, et al. published the first information indicating that the freezing point value of milk produced in the Southeastern United States might be higher than commonly accepted values. An extensive survey of retail milk marketed in South Carolina during 1957 produced an unweighted average freezing point value of –0.529°C, and disclosed that the unweighted average milk solids-not-fat content of retail milk marketed in South Carolina was 8.88%. Other surveys revealed such freezing point values as –0.537, –0.540, –-0.533, –0.528, and –0.532°C. Custer and Cardwell found freezing point depressions averaging 0.025—0.030°C less for reconstituted non-fat milks of southern origin than for similar milks of northern origin. The lactose and chloride contents of these milks were lower than those of the northern milks. Problems created by high freezing point values which are intensified by the effects of vacuum pasteurization, common in the Southeastern United States, on freezing point values will be discussed.

scholarly journals Seasonal Hydrological Forecasts for Watersheds over the Southeastern United States for the Boreal Summer and Fall Seasons

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (25) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Bastola ◽  
Vasubandhu Misra ◽  
Haiqin Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
State University ◽  
Streamflow Prediction ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
Hydrological Prediction

Abstract The authors evaluate the skill of a suite of seasonal hydrological prediction experiments over 28 watersheds throughout the southeastern United States (SEUS), including Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The seasonal climate retrospective forecasts [the Florida Climate Institute–Florida State University Seasonal Hindcasts at 50-km resolution (FISH50)] is initialized in June and integrated through November of each year from 1982 through 2001. Each seasonal climate forecast has six ensemble members. An earlier study showed that FISH50 represents state-of-the-art seasonal climate prediction skill for the summer and fall seasons, especially in the subtropical and higher latitudes. The retrospective prediction of streamflow is based on multiple calibrated rainfall–runoff models. The hydrological models are forced with rainfall from FISH50, (quantile based) bias-corrected FISH50 rainfall (FISH50_BC), and resampled historical rainfall observations based on matching observed analogs of forecasted quartile seasonal rainfall anomalies (FISH50_Resamp). The results show that direct use of output from the climate model (FISH50) results in huge biases in predicted streamflow, which is significantly reduced with bias correction (FISH50_BC) or by FISH50_Resamp. On a discouraging note, the authors find that the deterministic skill of retrospective streamflow prediction as measured by the normalized root-mean-square error is poor compared to the climatological forecast irrespective of how FISH50 (e.g., FISH50_BC, FISH50_Resamp) is used to force the hydrological models. However, our analysis of probabilistic skill from the same suite of retrospective prediction experiments reveals that, over the majority of the 28 watersheds in the SEUS, significantly higher probabilistic skill than climatological forecast of streamflow can be harvested for the wet/dry seasonal anomalies (i.e., extreme quartiles) using FISH50_Resamp as the forcing. The authors contend that, given the nature of the relatively low climate predictability over the SEUS, high deterministic hydrological prediction skills will be elusive. Therefore, probabilistic hydrological prediction for the SEUS watersheds is very appealing, especially with the current capability of generating a comparatively huge ensemble of seasonal hydrological predictions for each watershed and for each season, which offers a robust estimate of associated forecast uncertainty.

scholarly journals Quantitative Aspects of the Spread of Asian Soybean Rust in the Southeastern United States, 2005 to 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1428-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. C. Christiano ◽  
H. Scherm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Short Period

The regional dynamics of soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in six southeastern states (Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia) in 2005 and 2006 were analyzed based on disease records collected as part of U.S. Department of Agriculture's soybean rust surveillance and monitoring program. The season-long rate of temporal disease progress averaged ≈0.5 new cases day–1 and was higher in nonsentinel soybean (Glycine max) plots than in sentinel soybean plots and kudzu (Pueraria lobata) plots. Despite the early detection of rust on kudzu in January and/or February each year (representing the final phase of the previous year's epidemic), the disease developed slowly during the spring and early summer on this host species and did not enter its exponential phase until late August, more than 1 month after it did so on soybean. On soybean, cases occurred very sporadically before the beginning of July, after which their number increased rapidly. Thus, while kudzu likely provides the initial inoculum for epidemics on soybean, the rapid increase in disease prevalence on kudzu toward the end of the season appears to be driven by inoculum produced on soybean. Of 112 soybean cases with growth stage data, only one occurred during vegetative crop development while ≈75% occurred at stage R6 (full seed) or higher. The median nearest-neighbor distance of spread among cases was ≈70 km in both years, with 10% of the distances each being below ≈30 km and above ≈200 km. Considering only the epidemic on soybean, the disease expanded at an average rate of 8.8 and 10.4 km day–1 in 2005 and 2006, respectively. These rates are at the lower range of those reported for the annual spread of tobacco blue mold from the Caribbean Basin through the southeastern United States. Regional spread of soybean rust may be limited by the slow disease progress on kudzu during the first half of the year combined with the short period available for disease establishment on soybean during the vulnerable phase of host reproductive development, although low inoculum availability in 2005 and dry conditions in 2006 also may have reduced epidemic potential.

Distribution of an Invasive Weevil, Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs, in the Southeastern United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Wheeler ◽  
David W. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Northeastern United States

The twobanded Japanese weevil, Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs, first found in North America near Philadelphia, PA, in 1914, is better known in the northeastern United States than in the Southeast. Based on examination of specimens in 11 museums, fieldwork, and review of the literature, we document the presence of this pest of ornamental plants in Alabama (3 counties), Georgia (12), North Carolina (16), and South Carolina (19). The southeastern distribution is mapped, and locality and date are provided for the first collection in each state: North Carolina, 1955; Georgia, 1956; South Carolina, 1966; and Alabama, 1970.

scholarly journals Southeastern Tomato Growers Adopt Integrated Pest Management

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Bauske ◽  
Geoffrey M. Zehnder ◽  
Edward J. Sikora ◽  
Joseph Kemble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Production Problems

Multidisciplinary integrated pest management (IPM) teams from seven states in the southeastern United States (Alabama, North Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee) met to develop standards for adopting IPM in fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) production. Teams were composed of growers, private consultants, extension personnel, and faculty. IPM practices available for use on tomatoes in the southeastern United States were identified and a survey to assess the current level of adoption of IPM practices was developed. The survey also allowed growers to identify insect, disease, and production problems; beneficial technology and research developments; and other information relevant to IPM adoption. In northern Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina, IPM adoption by tomato growers was classified as medium or high on >75% of the fresh-market tomato acreage surveyed. It appears these states may have met the federal mandate for IPM adoption. Tomato producers listed early blight, late blight, bacterial spot, bacterial speck, and bacterial wilt as the main disease problems; tomato fruit worm, thrips, and aphids as the primary insect problems; and poor weather conditions, government regulation, and labor as their primary production problems. Twenty-six percent of the producers throughout the region felt that the development of insect- and disease-resistant varieties would be most helpful to increase production.

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