Response to Comments by Harrison

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Boyd ◽  
Amanda M. Castañeda ◽  
Charles W. Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Independent Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Microscopic Field ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Lower Pecos

AbstractIn our article “A Reexamination of Red Linear Style in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas,” we presented the results of an analysis of 444 Red Linear style pictographs from 12 sites in the region. Using this greatly expanded data set, we produced a list of diagnostic attributes for the style and documented stratigraphie relationships among pictographs through macro- and microscopic field analysis. We identified 38 examples of Red Linear under Pecos River style, a style previously assumed to be older than Red Linear. No Red Linear figures were identified superimposing Pecos River style. These results were verified by an independent group of archaeologists and chemists engaged in the analysis of Lower Pecos rock art. We concluded that Red Linear style is either older than or contemporaneous with Pecos River style. In Harrison’s comments, he argues that our methods were faulty and the data inadequate to support our conclusions. We address a few of Harrison’s critiques in our response; however, a more careful reading of the original article and supplemental materials is advised.

A Reassessment of Red Linear Pictographs in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Boyd ◽  
Amanda M. Castañeda ◽  
Charles W. Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Microscopic Field ◽  
Recording Project ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Lower Pecos ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractRed Linear is one of four presently defined prehistoric pictograph styles in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of southwest Texas and Coahuila, Mexico. Based on interpretation of images and two experimental radiocarbon dates, the style was presumed to have been brought into the region by intrusive bison hunters around 1280 B.P. This would place production of Red Linear after the large, polychromatic Pecos River style paintings (4200–2750 B.P.). However, during a recent rock art recording project we identified Red Linear overlain by presumed older Pecos River style. This prompted our re-examination of Red Linear through analysis of 444 figures from 12 sites. We produced a list of diagnostic attributes for Red Linear and documented stratigraphie relationships through macro- and microscopic field analysis. We identified 38 examples of Red Linear under Pecos River figures, thus inverting the relative chronology for the two styles and forcing a reconsideration of previous assumptions regarding the culture that produced the art. This paper demonstrates the potential afforded by analysis of rock art assemblages to reveal inter- and intrasite patterning of attributes and provide insight into relative chronologies. Further, it cautions against the use of variation in artistic style as a marker for ethnicity.

scholarly journals Speech-Breath: Mapping the Multisensory Experience in Pecos River Style Pictography

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Boyd ◽  
Ashley Busby
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The World ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Graphic Device ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Lower Pecos ◽  
Multisensory Experience

Archaic period hunter-gatherers of the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of southwest Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, created complex rock art murals containing elaborately painted anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures. These figures are frequently portrayed with dots or lines emanating out of or into their open mouths. In this article, we discuss patterns in shape, color, and arrangement of this pictographic element and propose that artists used this graphic device to denote speech, breath, and the soul. They communicated meaning through the image-making process, alternating brushstroke direction to indicate inhalation versus exhalation or using different paint application techniques to reflect measured versus forceful speech. The choices made by artists in the production of the imagery reflect their cosmology and the framework of ideas and beliefs through which they interpreted and interacted with the world. Bridging the iconographic data with ethnohistoric and ethnographic texts from Mesoamerica, we suggest that speech and breath expressed in the rock art of the Lower Pecos was tied to concepts of the soul, creation, and human origins.

Medicinal and hallucinogenic plants identified in the sediments and pictographs of the Lower Pecos, Texas Archaic

Antiquity ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (268) ◽  
pp. 256-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Boyd ◽  
J. Philip Dering
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
River Region ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Lower Pecos

The rock-art of the Pecos River region, on the Texas-Mexico border, is deservedly celebrated for its very large and inspiring human depictions, convincingly interpreted as images of shamanism. Study of plant remains in associated middens gives a new aspect to understanding of the images.

scholarly journals A Black Deer at Black Cave: New Pictograph Radiocarbon Date for the Lower Pecos, Texas

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennon Bates ◽  
Amanda Castañeda ◽  
Carolyn Boyd ◽  
Karen Steelman
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Radiocarbon Date ◽  
Plasma Oxidation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Lower Pecos

A Pecos River style painting of a black deer from Black Cave Annex (41VV76a) in southwest Texas was radiocarbon dated. Using plasma oxidation and accelerator mass spectrometry, we obtained an age of 1465 ± 40 RCYBP (2 sigma calibrated age range of A.D. 470-660). This age is younger than the accepted age range for Pecos River style paintings, which is approximately 4000-3000 years B.P. This new measurement in association with other younger dates prompts us to question whether the Pecos River style endured for a longer time period than previously thought. More radiocarbon research is needed in order to understand how this anomalous result might fit within the Lower Pecos Canyonlands rock art chronology.

A Comment On “A Reassessment of Red Linear Pictographs in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas”

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Burr Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
American Antiquity ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Lower Pecos

AbstractBoyd, Castañeda, and Koenig (2013) recently published a hypothesis in American Antiquity that Red Linear style rock art predates, or is contemporaneous with, the Pecos River style. While the authors present intriguing examples of over-painting at 41VV83 and 41VV612, their definition of the Red Linear style should be questioned based on its lack of diagnostic characteristics relative to the Pecos River style. The Boyd et al. report is preliminary in its findings and falls short of overturning the existing regional chronology; thus, further stylistic studies of Red Linear art are recommended.

scholarly journals Machine Learning-Based Estimation of Ground Reaction Forces and Knee Joint Kinetics from Inertial Sensors While Performing a Vertical Drop Jump

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7709
Author(s):  
Serena Cerfoglio ◽  
Manuela Galli ◽  
Marco Tarabini ◽  
Filippo Bertozzi ◽  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Joint Kinetics ◽  
Reaction Forces

Nowadays, the use of wearable inertial-based systems together with machine learning methods opens new pathways to assess athletes’ performance. In this paper, we developed a neural network-based approach for the estimation of the Ground Reaction Forces (GRFs) and the three-dimensional knee joint moments during the first landing phase of the Vertical Drop Jump. Data were simultaneously recorded from three commercial inertial units and an optoelectronic system during the execution of 112 jumps performed by 11 healthy participants. Data were processed and sorted to obtain a time-matched dataset, and a non-linear autoregressive with external input neural network was implemented in Matlab. The network was trained through a train-test split technique, and performance was evaluated in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The network was able to estimate the time course of GRFs and joint moments with a mean RMSE of 0.02 N/kg and 0.04 N·m/kg, respectively. Despite the comparatively restricted data set and slight boundary errors, the results supported the use of the developed method to estimate joint kinetics, opening a new perspective for the development of an in-field analysis method.

scholarly journals Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Application to Geological Materials-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (10) ◽  
pp. 1336
Author(s):  
Sonali Dubey ◽  
Rohit Kumar ◽  
Abhishek K. Rai ◽  
Awadhesh K. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Exploration ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Spot Detection ◽  
Huge Data ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is emerging as an analytical tool for investigating geological materials. The unique abilities of this technique proven its potential in the area of geology. Detection of light elements, portability for in-field analysis, spot detection, and no sample preparation are some features that make this technique appropriate for the study of geological materials. The application of the LIBS technique has been tremendously developed in recent years. In this report, results obtained from previous and most recent studies regarding the investigation of geological materials LIBS technique are reviewed. Firstly, we introduce investigations that report the advancement in LIBS instrumentation, its applications, especially in the area of gemology and the extraterrestrial/planetary exploration have been reviewed. Investigation of gemstones by LIBS technique is not widely reviewed in the past as compared to LIBS application in planetary exploration or other geological applications. It is anticipated that for the classification of gemstones samples, huge data set is appropriate and to analyze this data set, multivariate/chemometric methods will be useful. Recent advancement of LIBS instrumentation for the study of meteorites, depth penetration in Martian rocks and its regolith proved the feasibility of LIBS used as robotic vehicles in the Martian environment. Keywords: LIBS, Gemstone, geological samples, Extra-terrestrial

Ancient Texans: Rock Art and Lifeways along the Lower Pecos

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Eugene B. McCluney ◽  
Harry J. Shafer
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Lower Pecos

scholarly journals A Long Term (2005–2019) Eddy Covariance Data Set of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes from the Tibetan Alpine Steppe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Nieberding ◽  
Cristian Wille ◽  
Gerardo Fratini ◽  
Magnus O. Asmussen ◽  
Yuyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alpine Steppe ◽  
Turbulence Regime ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Steppe Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem covers an area of roughly 800,000 km2, containing up to 3.3 % soil organic carbon in the uppermost 30 cm, summing up to 1.93 PgvC for the Tibet Autonomous Region only (472,037 km2). With temperatures rising two to three times faster than the global average, these carbon stocks are at risk of loss due to enhanced soil respiration. The remote location and the harsh environmental conditions on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) make it challenging to derive accurate data on ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Here, we provide the first multi-year data set of CO2 and H2O fluxes from the central Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem, measured in situ using the eddy covariance technique. The calculated fluxes were rigorously quality checked and carefully corrected for a drift in concentration measurements and gas analyzer self heating during cold conditions. A wind field analysis was conducted to identify influences of adjacent buildings on the turbulence regime and to exclude the disturbed fluxes from subsequent computations. The presented CO2 fluxes were additionally gap filled using a standardized approach. The very low net carbon uptake across the 15-year data set highlights the special vulnerability of the Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem to become a source of CO2 due to global warming. The data is freely available (https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3733203, Nieberding et al., 2020b) and may help to better understand the role of the Tibetan alpine steppe in the global carbon-climate feedback.

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