scholarly journals Beyond Translation Proper—Extending the Field of Translation Studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Korning Zethsen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Ulterior Motive ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Modern society demands many different kinds of translation or translation-like activities which often exceed the boundaries of what translation theory traditionally terms translation proper. Highly functional translations, localisation, précis-writing, expert-to-layman communication, etc. are all part of modern life, but where do such activities fit in theoretically? In this article I shall discuss the fact that despite Jakobson’s classical definition, intralingual translation or rewording is de facto peripheral to translation studies and I shall argue that the relationship between interlingual and intralingual translation is a neglected area of research, as is a thorough description of intralingual translation. Since Jakobson’s definition, general definitions of translation have become less inclusive. This I consider a major setback as there seems to be much to gain theoretically as well as practically by looking for similarities and differences between various kinds of translational activities. With the ulterior motive of putting intralingual translation (back?) on the map of translation studies and to encourage future empirical research within this area I shall argue for a broader perception of translation and consequently of translation studies as a discipline. Inspired by Jakobson (1959), Toury (1995) and Tymoczko (1998, 2005), I shall attempt to draw up an open definition of translation which reflects the many-faceted nature of the phenomenon.

Domestic violence in pregnancy

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loraine Bacchus ◽  
Susan Bewley ◽  
Gill Mezey
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Living Together ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Definitions of domestic violence vary according to the frequency, severity and nature of the violence as well as the context in which it occurred and the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. Though there is a lack of uniformity, a generally accepted definition of domestic violence is the physical, sexual or emotional abuse of an adult woman by a man with whom she has or has had an intimate relationship, regardless of whether the couple are living together. Although violence can be carried out by other family members or occur in same-sex relationships, it is argued that men use violence in order to maintain dominance and control over their female partners. Physical violence is just one of the many tactics that an abuser may use to exert control over his partner. Other behaviours include isolation, intimidation, threats of violence, threats to take the children away or hurt them and emotional or economic abuse. Whilst some studies have identified demographic patterns associated with domestic violence, it can affect any woman regardless of age, race, ethnicity, social class, employment status, religion, marital status or disability.

scholarly journals Protein Evolution Depends on Multiple Distinct Population Size Parameters

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Platt ◽  
Claudia C Weber ◽  
David A Liberles
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Protein Evolution ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Evolution Of Proteins ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Mutations

AbstractThat population size affects the fate of new mutations arising in genomes, modulating both how frequently they arise and how efficiently natural selection is able to filter them, is well established. It is therefore clear that these distinct roles for population size that characterize different processes should affect the evolution of proteins and need to be carefully defined. Empirical evidence is consistent with a role for demography in influencing protein evolution, supporting the idea that functional constraints alone do not determine the composition of coding sequences.Given that the relationship between population size, mutant fitness and fixation probability has been well characterized, estimating fitness from observed substitutions is well within reach with well-formulated models. Molecular evolution research has, therefore, increasingly begun to leverage concepts from population genetics to quantify the selective effects associated with different classes of mutation. However, in order for this type of analysis to provide meaningful information about the intra- and inter-specific evolution of coding sequences, a clear definition of concepts of population size, what they influence, and how they are best parameterized is essential.Here, we present an overview of the many distinct concepts that “population size” and “effective population size” may refer to, what they represent for studying proteins, and how this knowledge can be harnessed to produce better specified models of protein evolution.

Legal Uses of Anthropology in France in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Audren ◽  
Laetitia Guerlain
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Legal Anthropology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter sheds light on the long-standing history of the relationship between law and the human and social sciences in nineteenth- and twentieth-century France. This story has often been reduced to its most recent and academic development, that is, legal anthropology. However, focusing on this strictly contemporary, academic definition of anthropology risks overlooking the many and varied ways of thinking that, over the past two centuries and more, have shaped the relationship between law and the study of humanity. The authors suggest that such an approach obscures the depth and the variety of forms that this relationship took over time. This chapter documents the various ways that legal scholars in France—over the course of two centuries marked by the rise of codification and legal positivism—drew upon history, philology, ethnology, physical anthropology, and sociology, all in the pursuit of a more profound understanding of homo juridicus.

Rethinking translation studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 167-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
The Relationship

Since Holmes’ founding statement for translation studies in 1972, four decades have passed. During that time some trends seem to have developed in the discipline, and it is time to stop and take stock. This paper touches upon issues essential to understanding translation studies today, such as (1) the nature of translation; (2) the research scope of translation studies; (3) interdisciplinary orientation and its implications; (4) research methods; and (5) the relationship between translation theory and practice. An examination of these issues indicates that the discipline of translation studies is increasingly subject to opposing or competing research approaches and is exhibiting a kind of disciplinary fragmentation. There are imbalances in the research methods used and in the topics that emerge in the research literature. There is a growing gap between translation theory and practice. This paper tries to examine the reasons for these trends and offer perspectives on ways to reach some common disciplinary and professional ground.

Understanding Law in Many Worlds: Socio- and Empirical Legal Research in the UK and Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Lange
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Real World ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Many Worlds ◽  
The Real ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article discusses the Nuffield inquiry report ‘ Law in the Real World: Improving our Understanding of How Law Works’. It suggests that the report matters not just because of the many policy recommendations it puts forward for the development of empirical legal research. It makes also important reading because it constructs a particular account of socio-legal and in particular empirical legal research in the UK. The article highlights three issues which are central to the picture presented in the report. It suggests that further debate concerning theses issues - especially in a comparative context - can also help to move the socio-legal enterprise forward. These three issues are the relationship between theoretical and empirical research, a tension between openness and closure among the different disciplines involved in socio-legal research, and finally the relationship between institutions and individuals in advancing socio-legal studies.

scholarly journals The Entropy Universe

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ribeiro ◽  
Teresa Henriques ◽  
Luísa Castro ◽  
André Souto ◽  
Luís Antunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Mathematical Linguistics ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Fields

About 160 years ago, the concept of entropy was introduced in thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius. Since then, it has been continually extended, interpreted, and applied by researchers in many scientific fields, such as general physics, information theory, chaos theory, data mining, and mathematical linguistics. This paper presents The Entropy Universe, which aims to review the many variants of entropies applied to time-series. The purpose is to answer research questions such as: How did each entropy emerge? What is the mathematical definition of each variant of entropy? How are entropies related to each other? What are the most applied scientific fields for each entropy? We describe in-depth the relationship between the most applied entropies in time-series for different scientific fields, establishing bases for researchers to properly choose the variant of entropy most suitable for their data. The number of citations over the past sixteen years of each paper proposing a new entropy was also accessed. The Shannon/differential, the Tsallis, the sample, the permutation, and the approximate entropies were the most cited ones. Based on the ten research areas with the most significant number of records obtained in the Web of Science and Scopus, the areas in which the entropies are more applied are computer science, physics, mathematics, and engineering. The universe of entropies is growing each day, either due to the introducing new variants either due to novel applications. Knowing each entropy’s strengths and of limitations is essential to ensure the proper improvement of this research field.

scholarly journals Profile of the contemporary ukrainian manager - source analysis and characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
Beata Glinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Competence Profile ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of

The inspiration for writing this paper has been an attempt to answer questions about similarities and differences - in relation to the western tendencies - of the personal and competence profile of contemporary Ukrainian managers. Due to volume limitations, and because in the subject literature there is a rather precise definition of the contemporary „western manager”, the characteristics of a “western manager” are not cited in this paper. The paper is devoted solely to the analysis and characterization of the characteristics of the contemporary Ukrainian manager. This was possible through personal and direct empirical research. The study consists of two main parts: the background for entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the profile of the Ukrainian manager.

scholarly journals Music Against the Challenges of Digital Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 810-821
Author(s):  
Boris V. Markov ◽  
Dmitriy A. Yarochkin
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Technology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Networked Society ◽  
Anthropology Of Music

The aim of the article is to separate the concepts of musicology, music anthropology, music, and instrumentalism. This very division and reflection of the interrelations of concepts provide a starting point for a detailed study of the problems of musical instrumentalism. The article is methodological in nature. It contains a number of important settings that are necessary for the anthropological analysis of music. The Central theoretical explanation of the article is the separation of musical anthropology and the anthropology of music. For this purpose, a number of tasks, namely, the definition of the theoretical fields of musical anthropology and the anthropology of music, and the disclosure of the role of music in traditional and modern society are proposed. The concept of musical action is introduced. Solving these problems allows to give a more complete analysis of the relationship between a person and music. It is this problem that becomes the main problem in the music media mainstream, where popular music is used as a way of producing moods and experiences. Music becomes a particularly valuable commodity in a networked society, which is made not so much for the purpose of incorporating into the values of high culture but to control the behavior of people in the music market. In addition to commercialization, music is becoming an effective political technology that provides consensus among voters. In this regard, there is a cultural problem, how high art in general and music, in particular, can preserve its traditional purpose – to promote humanization

scholarly journals Trajectories of Research in Translation Studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1082-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tymoczko
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
Think Aloud Protocols ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The article sums up the principle trajectories of research in translation studies that are likely to be productive in the coming decades. I focus on six broad areas. The first encompasses attempts to define translation: this includes research as diverse as examinations of particular linguistic facets of translation, corpus studies of translation, descriptive historical studies, and analysis of think-aloud protocols. The second area of research pertains to the internationalization of translation, which challenges basic Western assumptions about the nature of translation and generates new case studies that shake the foundations of translation theory and practice as they are known at present. Changes in translation theory and practice associated with emerging technologies and globalization constitute the third research area to be discussed. The fourth strand is the application to translation of various interpretive perspectives based on frames from other disciplines. The last two branches of research have to do with the relationship of translation studies to cognitive science and neurophysiology. The article closes with some general observations about the implications for translation research as a whole and the structure of translation studies entailed by the six areas discussed.

In defence of fuzziness

Target ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nike K. Pokorn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
High Time ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
Definition Of

In Translation Studies the definitions of the concepts native speaker and mother tongue have been uncritically adopted from linguistics and are regarded as defined and clarified as far as their meaning is concerned, despite the fact that neither linguistics nor translation theory can offer an objective and water-tight definition of the terms. A similar desire for univocal terms can also be detected in the claims for the need of one, universally accepted term for the same phenomenon where various competing terms already exist and are in use. Although some linguists have already expressed their doubts in the justification of some of the fundamental linguistic concepts, as Rajogopalan has observed, a lot of them are still happy working with such discreet entities thus making linguistics perhaps the most “19th century” of the academic disciplines taught in universities today. Unfortunately, this could also be stated for some currents in Translation Studies, despite the fact that translation research can and should provide the most suitable field where such axiomatic truths are challenged. The article questions this desire for the univocal and argues that it is high time we all learn to live with more fuzzy definitions.

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