Practical Cosmologies

Ethnologies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Götz Hoeppe
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
South India ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social

For much of the 20thcentury, indigenous cosmologies, understood as the totalizing worldviews of delimited social groups, were one of ethnology’s central topics. In the last few decades, however, the concept of cosmology no longer sat well with many ethnologists’ wariness of identifying social wholes as analytic units and with accepting correspondences of social organization with orders of time, space, and color, among others. Recently, Allen Abramson and Martin Holbraad, in their 2014 bookFraming Cosmologies, called for a “second wind” of anthropologists’ attention to cosmologies, now including popular understandings of Western science. While endorsing this broadened attention to cosmology and the uses of analyst’s perspectives, I call for remaining attentive to the practical uses of cosmologies by the actors that ethnographers learn from. This entails attending to the social accountabilities and organizational contexts that constrain how people act. I seek to illustrate this by drawing on ethnographies of fishers in south India as well as of astrophysicists in Germany.

86. The Social Organization of the Coorgs of South India

Man ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
M. N. Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
South India ◽  
The Social

The Context of Competition

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Shubik ◽  
Eric Smith
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Material Content ◽  
Economic Behaviour ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Great Complexity

This chapter sets the context for the book. We note the purpose of economics should be to describe concepts and models that can be made consistent with sound scientific understanding of the other aspects of life. At a minimum economic behaviour is embedded within the organic system we call the society: it affects extraction, production, utilization, exchange, consumption and disposal of physical entities and services. We consider the main questions about how to contextualize economics. It can be argued that the economy is a mechanism to organize a subset of decisions in a larger highly distributed society. The social organization obeys no simple model of control; its dynamics is often evolutionary at many scales of time, space and material content; and with these it is subject to both historical contingency and great complexity.

scholarly journals Az információtechnológia civilizációs pályája: mérés és osztályozás

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ian Morris,
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The West ◽  
Energy Capture ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Ian Morris a társadalmi fejlődés (social development) fogalmával az emberi közösségek képességét fejezi ki „dolgok elintézésére” a világban. Az így értelmezett társadalmi fejlettség mérhető és összehasonlító állapotokat jelent, térben és időben. Morris 4 tényező (az energiafelhasználás, a társadalmi szerveződés, az információtechnológia és a hadviselő kapacitás) kvantifikálásával megszerkesztett indexét kifejtő könyvéből az információtechnológiára vonatkozó, a többihez hasonlóan a Kelet és a Nyugat összehasonlítására épülő fejezetet fordítottuk le. Úttörő okfejtései és becslései remek kiindulópontok, hogy újraértékeljük és alaposan végiggondoljuk az információtechnológia helyét és „küldetését” a beavatkozásképesség, a cselekvési hatékonyság szempontjából. A tanulmányt Z. Karvalics László bevezetésével közöljük. --- The civilization path of information technology: measurement and classification Ian Morris defines social development as “social groups’ abilities to master their physical and intellectual environments and get things done in the world”. From this approach, “social development is - in principle - something we can measure and compare through time and space”. The Social Development Index of Morris is based on the quantifiable attributes of four pillars: energy capture, social organization, information technology, war-making capacity, comparing the numbers of the West and the East. We have translated and published the information technology chapter of his book with Laszlo Z. Karvalics’ introduction to support the re-evaluation of the role and mission of information technology throughout the ages from a special point of view: to facilitate the ability to act effectively.

Vaiṣṇava Pāñcarātra

Hinduism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Rastelli
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
South India ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Background ◽  
North India ◽  
Hindu Tradition ◽  
Textual Source ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theology And Philosophy ◽  
Sanskrit Epic

The Pāñcarātra is a Hindu tradition that worships Viṣṇu as the supreme god. Its origins date back to the pre-Christian era, and certain features of it can still be found in the related Hindu-tradition of the Śrīvaiṣṇavas. Its earliest textual source, having been composed around the 3rd to the 5th century ce, is the so-called Nārāyaṇīya, which is a part of the Sanskrit epic Mahābhārata. In this text the Pāñcarātra does not yet bear the tantric features that become characteristic for the tradition as known from the Saṃhitās, which may have been composed from around the 9th century onward. The Saṃhitās are the most important texts of the tradition and are traditionally considered to have been revealed by god Viṣṇu himself. They deal with the theology and philosophy of the tradition, but most prominently with rituals. Rituals are the main means for a Pāñcarātra follower to achieve the tradition’s religious goals. As in other tantric traditions, these goals are worldly pleasures (bhukti) and liberation (mukti) from transmigration. In early Pāñcarātra Saṃhitās, rituals are to be performed by individual persons for their own benefit. In later Saṃhitās, probably due to political influences, public temple worship for the benefit of the king and the state becomes the main focus. The early extant Saṃhitās probably originate from North India, and there is evidence that Pāñcarātra was widely practiced in Kashmir. However, from perhaps the 11th century, Pāñcarātra mainly flourished in South India. The social background of Pāñcarātra followers over the centuries has not yet been investigated in depth, but we do know that the tradition’s historical development was shaped by various social groups and subtraditions, as well as their interactions, sometimes involving rivalry.

The Role of Standards in the Development of New Informational Infrastructure

2014 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Vladislav V. Fomin ◽  
Marja Matinmikko
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Regulatory Domains ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
New Generation

In this chapter, the authors inch towards better understanding of the notion of informational infrastructure and the role of standards in the development of infrastructures in the new information age. Specifically, the authors consider the standardization process as pertaining to informational infrastructure development. They focus on two particular aspects of standardization: temporal dynamics and the social organization. Using Bauman's concept of liquid modernity, the authors argue that standards often become hybrids of solid and liquid modernities linking together different scales of time, space, and social organization. To better illustrate theoretical concepts, they draw on practical examples from the development of informational standards, infrastructures, and services, particularly from the domain of Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS), a new generation of “paradigm changing” communication technologies and services. The aim of this chapter is to offer the scholars of standards and innovation a fresh, non-mainstream perspective on the social and temporal dynamics of standardization and infrastructure development processes, to bring forth new understandings of the complexity of relationships between business, technology, and regulatory domains in the formation of informational infrastructure.

scholarly journals Chinchilla de Montearagón y el diezmo eclesiástico de su distrito. Siglos XVII-XVIII

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 41-84
Author(s):  
Vicente Montojo Montojo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social

: In this text, the participation of the population of Chinchilla and others of its district in the administration and management of ecclesiastical tithe in the 17th and 18th centuries, a part of the agrarian production that is delivered to the Diocese of Cartagena (bishop and council cathedral, based in Murcia) and the king (royal thirds) or even the lord in the case of manors. This popular action in the ecclesiastical tithe took place on the part of diverse social groups, reason why it is illustrative of the social organization and its evolution, in which the policy of the enlightened governments of the eighteenth century influenced by the liberalization of the cereal prices (previously appraised) and the setting of new contributions, such as the pious fund and frutos civiles. In this way, the social composition of Chinchilla is made known a little more, a city to which hardly any attention has been devoted in these aspects.

scholarly journals A Reestruturação da cidade de Salvador: Conflitos e interesses na lógica da centralidade urbana

GeoTextos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jânio Santos
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

A partir da metade do século XX, ocorreram transformações políticas e econômicas que influenciaram a urbanização, consequentemente, a produção do espaço urbano em Salvador/BA. Essas mudanças provocaram alterações em sua estrutura urbana, sendo as mais importantes: a constituição de novas relações tempo-espaço, a implantação de hodiernos equipamentos e a redefinição na centralidade urbana, marcando o início do processo de reestruturação urbana e da cidade. Como consequência, atualmente, Salvador apresenta uma estrutura urbana poli(multi) nucleada. Por um lado, esse fenômeno revela a formação de novas áreas centrais, ou seja, “eclodiu” uma multiplicidade de centros e subcentros na cidade; por outro, percebe-se que esses espaços são bastante diferenciados entre si, mormente, no que tange às características sociais e econômicas, por isso também verificamos sua face poli. A constituição dessa nova lógica na centralidade soteropolitana revela nuances diferenciadas nos conflitos e interesses na cidade, que entendemos interferir no processo de produção e reprodução do espaço urbano, sobretudo no que tange à produção de espaços destinados ao consumo. Abstract THE RESTRUCTURATION OF THE CITY OF SALVADOR: CONFLICTS AND INTERESTS IN THE URBAN CENTRALITY LOGIC After 1950 some economic and political transformations occurred, influencing in the urbanization process of the city of Salvador/BA. These changes provoked some important changes in the urban structure, such as the redefinition of the time-space relationship and the introduction of new equipments, marking the start of urban and city restructuration. The process was produced by the State, among with other agents, and its consequences demonstrate the formation of a new characteristic of the urban structure, understood as the multi(poly)centralité. The current centers are differentiated by the amount and by the interests of the social groups. The olds centers and oters centers had gone through a process of change in its characteristics. The new centers are related to the materiality of the current urban logic and its influences in the city. Due to the social inequality and the high value of the urban ground, the access to market spaces translates conflicts and group interests.

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