Imperial continuities: Irish doctors and the British armed forces, 1922–45

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
British Military ◽  
The Social ◽  
Career Advice ◽  
Irish Medical ◽  
Military Services

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many Irish doctors led successful careers in the British Empire’s military medical services. Surprisingly, Irish medical connections with the British military were not simply severed once the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom in 1921, as might be expected. Rather, they rapidly grew in the 1920s and 1930s. This chapter asks why British military service continued to prove so popular among Irish doctors, making extensive use of a database of 262 Irish medical officers who served in the British forces between 1922 and 1945. The chapter reveals striking patterns in the social profile of officers, their motives, career success and the peaks and troughs of recruitment. It seems that many Irish medical officers complained that appointments in Irish hospitals were controlled by nepotism and that limited jobs were available. Several Irish publications which dispensed career advice to medical students during the 1930s not merely acknowledged, but actually recommended, opportunities in the British military services in preference to the Irish Army Medical Service - castigated for its poor pay, promotion prospects and pension entitlements. The result was an outflow of Irish medical practitioners beyond the attaining of Irish independence.

Officers of the Russian Imperial army as part of the confrontation sides of the Tambov rebellion of 1920–1921

2020 ◽  
pp. 234-244
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Kanishchev
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

We consider a new aspect of the well-studied themе, related to objective circumstances and subjective motives for choosing a life position in the Civil war: the entry of former officers of the Russian Imperial army into the ranks of the Soviet or rebel armed forces. First of all, contradic-tions in information about the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary military service of a se-lected circle of persons are revealed. With a sufficient degree of accuracy, 16 former officers who became the leaders of the suppression of the “Antonovshchina” in 1920–1921 and a maximum of 23 rebel commanders from the ranks of officers of the “old” army are identified. Differences of the social and professional image of the commanders of the opposing sides are established. Among the Soviet commanders, career officers from different classes prevailed, including 5 peasants (only 1 – Russian), of non-Tambov origin, who entered the region no earlier than 1917. On the contrary, among the rebel military leaders, all, except for one tradesman, came from the peasant class (only 3 were not from the Tambov Governorate). However, the loyalty of some former rebel commanders to their political leadership was low. Therefore, the study specially analyzes the “psychology of betrayal” of such people who went over to the side of the Soviet troops. The military leaders of the suppression of the Tambov rebellion, who came from the officer environment, made a choice in favor of Soviet power in 1917–1918 and by 1920 they repeatedly showed loyalty to the “workers’ and peasants’ state”. However, for the time being, this state recognized the devotion of, in principle, alien to it “gold-chasers”. In the 1930s almost all officers who took part in the suppression of the Tambov rebellion became victims of political repression.

Military psychological trauma and therapy: a review of EMDR treatment and supervision in the UK Ministry of Defence

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Frappell-Cooke ◽  
M McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Psychological Injury ◽  
British Military ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Military

Psychological injury has been associated with military service, and this can result in a variety of mental health symptoms and disorders. A range of barriers to help-seeking have been identified in the military and mental health services have sought to address such factors through effective and efficient care and consultation. The use of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing forms part of a repertoire of trauma-focused therapies within the UK’s Armed Forces. This article will outline the application of this approach within the British military, along with the role of specialist clinical supervision in treating those affected by operational trauma.

scholarly journals The retraining of the servicemen of the armed forces of Ukraine within the framework of the NATO-Ukraine program

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Iryna Avtushenko
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Military Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Military

The reduction and reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has caused the social issues associated with adapting to the new living conditions and the activities of the servicemen dismissed from the military service to the reserve or retirement. During the period of transition from military life to civilian, many officers needed retraining for gaining new civilian specialties, which required financial support from the state. But the difficult situation in the country did not allow massively invest the budgetary funds needed to solve this issue. That is why the NATO’s support concerning the financing of programs aimed at social adaptation of servicemen dismissed from military service, as well as those included in the plan of dismissal from the Armed Forces of Ukraine, becomes dramatically important. In the years of independence, by means of these programs over 8 thousand servicemen have been retrained. For implementation of programs for the adaptation of servicemen all over the country, the centers for training of servicemen have been set up in the cities. Therefore these centers supported a large number of the dismissed servicemen or those who were to be dismissed, by giving them the opportunity to get a civilian specialty which was in demand in the labor market.

scholarly journals Militarizing antimilitarism? Exploring the gendered representation of military service in German recruitment videos on social media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Stengel ◽  
David Shim
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Web Series ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Masculinity

This article analyzes the gendered representation of military service in the German YouTube series Die Rekruten (DR) (The Recruits), a popular web series produced on behalf of the German armed forces (Bundeswehr) for recruitment purposes, which accompanies 12 navy recruits during their basic training. The article is situated within research on masculinity and the military, in particular military recruitment. It supplements current scholarship by studying a previously neglected case that is of particular interest given Germany’s antimilitarist culture, which should make military recruitment and military public relations more difficult. The article asks how military service is represented in DR, what its discursive effects are, and what role (if any) masculinity plays in this process. We find support for recent feminist research on military masculinities (including in military recruitment) that emphasizes ambiguity and contradiction. What distinguishes the construction of military masculinity in DR from, for example, recruitment advertisements in the United States or the United Kingdom is its markedly civil character. This not only broadens the military’s appeal for a more diverse audience but also increases the legitimacy of the military and its activities. It does so by concealing the violence that has for the past two decades also been a very real part of what the Bundeswehr does.

Military Sociology

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-147
Author(s):  
Zoltan Barany
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Military Sociology ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sociocultural Issues ◽  
At Home

This chapter discusses issues germane to military sociology and focuses on explaining how sociocultural factors sap the effectiveness of Gulf armies. The first portion of the chapter is devoted to the social and regional backgrounds of enlisted members of the armed forces and explores the reasons for the introduction of mandatory military service in Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE. The following section is dedicated to a comprehensive appraisal of the officer corps from cadets to generals, examining their career trajectories and education at home and abroad. The chapter then explores the age-old practice of Gulf rulers to utilize the services of contract soldiers (aka mercenaries) and foreign advisers. The chapter’s last part focuses on sociocultural issues from education to decision-making and the pervasive influence of tribalism.

The Lives of Medical Students and Their Teachers (Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century)

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Neville Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Student Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
French School ◽  
American Schools ◽  
Army Service ◽  
Uncertain Time ◽  
Low Pay

The lives of students in all periods of history are difficult to recapture. Only scattered correspondence and occasional diaries can normally be found to give us a firsthand look at their experiences. Less satisfactory but still useful are the accounts of teachers, often written long after the events they describe, as well as the memoirs of former students, usually composed with nostalgia toward the close of their careers. Enough evidence does exist, however, to provide at least some glimpses into the student culture of past eras. In this chapter, we trace the social origins of medical students from about 1780 to 1820 and describe something of their lives in and out of the classroom as well as give some account of medical teachers and teaching of the same period. No more uncertain time in the life of a medical student can be imagined than the unsettled years after 1780. Both Europe and America were convulsed by war during much of the period and by fears of the spreading revolution in France. Students everywhere were being pressed into military service; academic enrollments dropped on both continents; and demands for military surgeons had become desperate. Deans and directors of medical schools pleaded with governments to spare their students from army service. In 1799, for example, the director of the French school at Montpellier asked his counterpart in Paris to join him in a last effort to save students from the huge call to arms of that year. Some medical schools were suddenly closed during the years of war; others were reorganized; and everywhere standards fell rapidly. Most of the small number of American schools were forced to shut down during the War for Independence and were then slow to reopen. In Great Britain, the hope of recruiting more medical students needed for war service was dashed by “the reality of low pay, lack of respect and the physical dangers facing most recruits.” In revolutionary France, the medical schools were officially closed early in the Revolution; the title of doctor was disdained by equalitarian reformers; and near chaos prevailed in the hospitals.

scholarly journals SOCIAL RESOURCES OF THE PRIMORSKY KRAI FOR SERVICE UNDER THE CONTRACT IN ARMED FORCES OF RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-187
Author(s):  
Angelina S. VASHCHUK ◽  
Elena N. CHERNOLUTSKAIA
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

Introduction. The topic of military reform in Russia in the late XX - early XXI centuries is part of the fundamental problem of relations between Russian society and the army. The literature traces different approaches in her research. One of the important areas is the study of the transition to a professional army, which actualizes the problem of the social resources of such a transition, taking into account the characteristics of specific territories. The proposed article discusses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of social resources of the Primorsky Krai for the formation of contract troops, including the demographic dynamics of the respective age cohorts, attitudes towards this type of professional activity from those who have not yet served youth (for example, students) and those who have experience contract military service.Methods. The empirical basis of the article consists of official documents, statistical data on demographic dynamics, materials of opinion polls of 2017. The study used factor and comparative analysis; in the study of demographic resources - the method of compiling tables, longitudinal and transverse analysis. Conclusions are also obtained on the basis of the application of the questionnaire method.Results. Over the past 10 years after the end of hostilities in Chechnya, a new social and professional group has emerged in the country - peacetime contract servicemen; elements of increased expectations of positive changes in the Russian army are actively forming in Russian society. Nevertheless, the Primorsky Krai remains a territory with a reduced social resource for recruiting young people under contract, which is important to take into account in Russia’s domestic policy. In the foreseeable 20-year term, the reduction in the number of male population suitable for contract service will continue. On the other hand, in Primorye, a low degree of orientation among students towards military service as a form of social mobility remains.Conclusions. Despite the good implementation of recruitment plans for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation under the contract in recent years, the degree of physical and moral readiness of young people for it was insufficient, which entailed a high “turnover” of contract soldiers in the army, the predominance of insufficiently experienced personnel among them. The policy of increasing the prestige of the social and professional status of a contractor, along with measures of material interest, must be supported by in-depth (and not just “parade”) patriotic education and preliminary moral and psychological training for young people. It is the qualitative characteristics that can increase the importance of a social recruitment resource for a contract service and, to a certain extent, compensate for the demographic restrictions in the territories.

scholarly journals War crime in the conditions of the Joint Forces Operation: a criminological description

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Yuriy Krychun
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Security ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of war crime and analysis of its forensic characteristics. The study analyzed the concepts of crime, war crime and the probable reasons for their commission. It is determined that military service is an extremely important type of activity, as it is designed to ensure state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine. The main military formation in Ukraine is the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the procedure of which is determined by the relevant legislation, according to which the Armed Forces is an independent state and legal institution, a reflection of modern Ukrainian society, but with its specific demographic, organizational, social, psychological and legal features. It is established that any crime is a negative social phenomenon that poses a threat to both society and the state. The social danger of each crime is manifested in the task or the creation of the danger of causing significant harm to public relations: the interests of the individual, society, state, which are protected by criminal law. But in war crimes behind these relations are the interests of a higher order – the military security of the state: the state of combat capability of the Armed Forces, other military formations, the ability to perform tasks set by the state, and ultimately protect the country from possible military aggression. Any crime against military service undermines the combat capability of military units, as a consequence, causes significant damage to the combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and, ultimately, to the military security of the state. Thus, the social danger of war crimes finds its expression in the task or in the creation of a threat of significant damage to the interests of military security of the state in the field of its defense and, therefore, is characterized by an increased degree of public danger. For Ukraine, in terms of the Operation joint forces, war crimes are extremely negative, as these are the factors that undermine combat readiness, military discipline and legal consciousness of the servicemen, creates the conditions for the loss of military personnel, military property, and therefore requires the authorities to use all necessary resources to fight and prevent the Commission of war crimes. Thus, the data on the person that has committed war crimes, as an element of criminalistic characteristics are of fundamental importance because they are a solid information base, which later during the establishment of corresponding co-dependent relationships will determine the other unknown elements of criminalistic characteristics.

scholarly journals Proverb as an Indicator of the Normative Behavior of the Armed Forces of Russia Officers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-133
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Chernov ◽  
Dmitriy Perednya
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Social Realm ◽  
The One ◽  
External Stimuli

The purpose of the study is to understand the semantic constructions by which the Russian Armed Forces officers symbolize their attitude to social realm. For this purpose, they were asked to write their favorite proverb, to which they try to “correspond” in their behavior. The authors proceeded from the assumption that interiorized folklore type statements are life guidelines (social values) for representatives of this professional group and informal regulators of their life. The study made it possible to determine the “boundaries” of the proverbial worldview of Russian officers. Further, within the established boundaries, four groups of statements were obtained. The first is proverbs and sayings about labor, work; the second – about the reaction to external stimuli; the third is about human qualities, relationships during service, camaraderie, and interpersonal communication. The fourth is about corporatism and professional solidarity. The article describes the most significant fragments of professional military personnel’s dispositional worldview. Moreover, on the one hand, a desire to work, a willingness to endure the hardships of military service were revealed, on the other hand – a certain fatalism, a conviction that external conditions and circumstances may be insurmountable, but if you acted as the duty requires, then you are allowed not to worry about the consequences. Typical personality traits and the social identity of this professional group, recreated in the study, are determined by the peculiarities of military service, while being within the boundaries of universal human terminal values and have a constructive, solidarizing orientation.

Sex and the Soldier: The Discourse about the Moral Conduct of Bundeswehr Soldiers and Officers during the Adenauer Era

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Brühöfener
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Moral Conduct ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThis article situates the establishment of the Bundeswehr and the implementation of compulsory military service in the 1950s and early 1960s within contemporary efforts to define a “sexual-moral order” for the Federal Republic of Germany. It argues that West Germany's rearmament offered contemporaries an opportunity to stipulate not only acceptable soldierly behavior, but also adequate male behavior in general. In the context of heightened concerns about juvenile delinquents (so-called Halbstarken), female prostitution, homosexuality, and the distribution of pornographic materials, West German citizens became interested in the social and sexual conduct of Bundeswehr soldiers and officers. Whereas some still considered the military to be a “school of the nation” and of proper masculinity, others worried about the armed forces as a possible breeding ground for immorality. Partly sharing these concerns, government representatives, members of the Bundestag, church officials, and military commanders sought to guide soldiers’ behavior, emphasizing the ideal of the “complete” (vollkommene) Christian male-breadwinner family.

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