scholarly journals IMPACT OF LAND SIZE ON PRODUCTIVITY, INCOME AND PROFITS FROM PEPPER CULTIVATION IN SRI LANKA

AGROFOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponniah SIVARAJAH ◽  
Randima WICKRAMASINGHE
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Domestic Consumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Land Size ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Poor Management

Pepper is an important spice crop grown in Matale District of Sri Lanka, forexports and domestic consumption. Varieties of pepper grown are Sri Lankan localvariety and ‘Panniyur’. Pepper production had shown variations over the years dueto poor management and low productivity. This study analyzed and compared theproduction levels and costs, income and profitability of pepper cultivation amongsmall and large scale pepper farmers. A stratified random sample of 120 farmers,consisting of 76 small famers (<5 acre farms) and 44 large farmers (>5 acre farms)were selected for study. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection.Descriptive statistics and mean comparisons were performed. The average extentof land under pepper cultivation was significantly different (P<0.01) with 3.49acres for small farms and 8.85 acres for large farms, and 66% of lands were underlocal pepper varieties. Fertilizer was the only input applied by both group offarmers. The mean yield of pepper was 636 kgs and 560 kgs per acre for small andlarge farms respectively and did not differ significantly. Mean comparison showedthat there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in cost of production, income frompepper sales and profits from pepper between small and large farmers. There wereno significant differences in farm gate prices received for raw and processedpepper by small and large scale farmers. It can be concluded that there issignificant differences between small and large scale pepper farmers in the extentcultivated, incomes received, cost of production and profits earned, while there isno differences in the prices received for raw and processed pepper.

scholarly journals FARM EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT OF PADDY PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN SRI LANKA USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
Ponniah Sivarajah
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Farm Efficiency ◽  
Land Size ◽  
Large Farms

This study analyzed the production efficiency of paddy farms in Northern Sri Lanka using the Data Envelopment Analysis approach (DEA). Farm efficiency has been related to resource use efficiency and achievement of higher productivity. The aim of this study was to study the levels of production efficiency of small paddy farms, and to identify the impacts of land size and extension worker contacts on production efficiency. A total of 120 farmers were randomly selected in the Mannar district in Northern Sri Lanka. The DEA technique was used to measure technical/production efficiency and results were compared for land size and extension contact category of farmers. It was found that more than average of farms had low efficiency scores of below 0.5. Small farms and large farms had a significant difference in efficiency scores. Thus this indicates that there is an impact of land size on farm production efficiency and very small farms and also large farms are inefficient in paddy production the area. There was a significant difference in farm efficiency between farmers with extension contacts and otherwise. The study reinforced the role that can be played by extension workers in pushing the farm efficiency levels higher and helping in better resource use efficiency on farms.

Relative Efficiency of Ancillary and Small Scale Units

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
K.R. Shaligram
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
End Products ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Small Manufacturers ◽  
Better Than

Ancillary units are small firms manufacturing and supplying intermediate goods, typically to large firms. Several policy measures are under consideration to raise the output of the ancillary industry to the level of 15 per cent of the value of output of the large scale industry by 1985. The underlying assumption appears to be that the ancillary status enhances the prospect for the viability of the small firm. This paper examines whether ancillary units perform better than small scale units (small manufacturers of end products) under the conditions prevailing in India. The findings reveal no significant difference in the mean performance of the two classes of small firms. It also draws implications for policymakers and management from the findings.

UNDERGRADUATES' INTENTION TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SRI LANKA

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 105-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. P. SAMANTHA KUMARA
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Impacts ◽  
Modest Correlation

This study attempted to examine entrepreneurial intention of Sri Lankan undergraduates. The undergraduates' entrepreneurial intention was examined with entrepreneurial belief and attitude towards self-employment. Accordingly, it was rationalized that entrepreneurial intention is influenced by entrepreneurial belief and attitude towards self employment. Gender impacts on these three aspects were also examined. The study sample consisted of 149 management undergraduates of one of the leading universities in Sri Lanka and data were collected through the administration of a formal questionnaire. The results revealed that undergraduates' entrepreneurial belief, attitude towards self-employment and entrepreneurial intention were moderately positive; there were statistically significant positive modest correlation between entrepreneurial belief and entrepreneurial intention, and between attitude towards self-employment and entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, there was no significant impact of gender on entrepreneurial belief and attitude towards self-employment. However, it was found that there existed significant difference between male and female undergraduates in terms of their entrepreneurial intention.

scholarly journals Household Food Expenditure Share During Pregnancy: Evidence From Rural Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 753-753
Author(s):  
Sajaan Gunarathne ◽  
Nuwan Wickramasinghe ◽  
Thilini Agampodi ◽  
Indika Prasanna ◽  
Suneth Agampodi
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Education Expansion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Expenditure Share ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives Maternal nutritional requirements are expected to vary during pregnancy due to changing demands. Household food expenditure (HFE) reflects the affordability for these nutritional demands. We explored the relationship between household income and the HFE during pregnancy. Methods The study was a part of Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo), a prospective cohort conducted in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka in 2019. Participants were recruited in the 1st trimester and followed up monthly for household expenditure data using a self-administered questionnaire. The associations between household income and HFE during all three trimesters were assessed with one-way ANOVA, repeated measure ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Results The sample sizes for each trimester were 1288,1049, and 168 pregnant women respectively. The mean (SD) age was 28.3 (5.6) years. The mean (SD) monthly household income and the expenditure were USD 261.29 (203.58) and USD 168.41 (108.68) respectively. The mean (SD) monthly HFE for each trimester were USD 55.18 (32.90), USD 55.07 (30.93), and USD 55.46 (31.67). There was a weak positive correlation (r = 0.022, p = 0.429) between household income and HFE in the 1st trimester and there were significant positive correlations in the 2nd (r = 0.275, p = 0.001) and 3rd trimesters (r = 0.403, p = 0.001). The household food expenditure share (HFES) out of total expenditure across three trimesters (35.0%, 33.3%, and 36.3%) were significantly different [F(2,134) = 3.82, p = 0.024]. The HFES in the income quintiles showed statistically significant difference only in the 2nd trimester [F(4,871) = 9.97, p = 0.001] and the HFHS from the lowest to the highest quintile were 36.1%, 31.7%, 32.1%, 30.0%, and 27.7% respectively. Conclusions On average, Sri Lankan rural pregnant women spend USD 55.24 as HFE and the HFES is 34.9%. The reported HFES value is consistent with the national household estimates in Sri Lanka. Even though the income is positively correlated with food expenditure, the HFES across income quintiles remain high during pregnancy, which reflects the perceived importance of addressing food requirements irrespective of the income. Funding Sources Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD), World Bank.

Safety of trastuzumab in HER2-positive primary breast cancer in Japan: Initial safety report for the large-scale cohort study (JBCRG C-01).

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 613-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohito Yamamoto ◽  
Hiroyasu Yamashiro ◽  
Hiroji Iwata ◽  
Norikazu Masuda ◽  
Shoichiro Ohtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Concurrent Chemotherapy ◽  
Her2 Positive ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

613 Background: The global randomized trials with trastuzumab (H) shows increased cardiotoxicity in patients (pts) with HER2 positive early breast cancer (BC). Safety in Japanese has not been fully evaluated. We evaluated the safety, especially focused on cardiotoxicity, of H adjuvant (adj) therapy in an observational study in Japan (UMIN000002737). Methods: Pts with histopathologically confirmed HER2 positive invasive BC were registered. Women with stage I-IIIC disease who received H as neo-adj and/or adj therapy were eligible. Mean LVEF at 3, 6, 9 and 18 months (M) was evaluated. The time points represent examination on day 60-120, 150-210, 240-330 and 455-635, respectively. Results: A total of 2024 pts were registered from 56 institutes between July 2009 and June 2011. Data of 1875 pts were collected and finalized by September 2012, and 1800 of them were analyzed for safety. The median follow-up was 35 M. The mean age was 54.5 years. Elderly pts ≥60 years were 32.7%. Treatments after surgery were: concurrent chemotherapy (CT) and H in 20.1%, sequential CT and H in 43.5% and H monotherapy in 35.9%. Adverse events (AEs) associated with H were reported in 350 pts (19.4%) and grade (G) 3/4 AEs in 12 pts (0.7%). G 3/4 cardiotoxicity was reported in 7 pts (dysfunction, 4pts; angina, 1 pt; myocardial infarction, 1 pt and heart failure, 1 pt). The mean LVEF at the baseline was 69.4%. Mean LVEF at 3, 6, 9 and 18M were 66.9%, 66.3%, 65.3% and 66.3%, respectively. Compared to the baseline, LVEF decreased with significant difference at all time points (p<0.0001). LVEF decrease ≥10% occurred in 177 pts (during H treatment,130 and after H treatment, 47). Follow-up data were available in 66 pts: 34 pts recovered to the baseline. Mean time to recover was 262 days. The univariate analysis showed using anthracycline (odds ratio 2.312, p=0.003) was the only risk factor for cardiotoxicity. However, elderly, radiation concurrent/sequential treatment with CT and H had no impact. Conclusions: From our study, we found the AE profiles of H were consistent with previously known AEs. We found using anthracycline was the risk factor for cardiotoxicity at the moment. We should carefully follow pts and watch long-term safety. Clinical trial information: 000002737.

scholarly journals Metals Leak from Tilled Soil in a Century – A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Gunnar Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
The Mean

<p>Toxic metals are mobilized on a large scale in modern society. Many of those metals end up in sewage sludge. The objective of this review was to elucidate the threat to groundwater due to a few metals lost from tilled sludge amended soils. It is sometimes suggested that these metals are immobilized in the topsoil and do not move downward. In contrast, dozens of long term field studies around the world indicate that penetration depths for metals increase with time since deposition.</p><p>Such studies were examined in depth in the current analysis. An equation was developed for calculation of long term mean metal penetration rates into the topsoil for copper and silver. The equation is valid for about a century but not much longer. The mean depths of a basic set of 11 cases from studies over 4 years to 100 years were predicted with a standard deviation of 11%. A typical penetration rate was 3 mm per year. There was no significant difference in penetration rate between several cations. Extremely large amendments were associated with larger penetration rates.</p><p>When metals have traversed the topsoil, the groundwater will be contaminated. The European Groundwater Pollution Directive stipulates that pesticide levels should be kept below 0.1 µg/l. When sludge is applied to agricultural soil, this level may by far be exceeded for many metals, even if strict limitations are applied to the metal contents of the sludge. This calls for careful assessment of the groundwater consequences of sludge amendment.</p><p>Extensive supplementary material provides many detailed tables, texts and references.</p>

Course, Management and Outcome of Oral-Anticoagulant-Related Intracranial Haemorrhages

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Berwaerts ◽  
O. J. Robb ◽  
R. S. Dykhuizen ◽  
J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anticoagulant Reversal ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical course and radiological features of oral anticoagulant (OAC)-related intracranial haemorrhages with those of haemorrhages unrelated to OAC use admitted over the last six years to a tertiary care centre in the North of Scotland. We furthermore wished to determine the measures taken for reversal of OAC therapy and the resulting short-term outcome. Sixty-eight patients had been treated with OACs at the time of intracranial haemorrhage (32% subdural, 62% intracerebral). Patients admitted with OAC-related and unrelated haemorrhages did not differ significantly in any of the clinical features considered. On CT scan, there was no significant difference according to OAC use in the mean size of subdural (depth 15 ± 5 vs. 18 ±8mm, p=0.36), or intracerebral haematomas (max. diameter 40 ±21 vs. 41 ±20 mm, p=0.73). No reversal measures were taken in 38% of OAC-treated patients. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher for OAC-related haemorrhages compared to unrelated haemorrhages (38% vs. 18%), p=0.001). To further elucidate the effects of anticoagulant reversal on the outcome of OAC-related intracranial haemorrhages, a large-scale prospective study is warranted.

From Landgrabbing to Landhunger: High Land Appropriation in the Plantation Areas of Sri Lanka during the British Period

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Slash And Burn ◽  
History Of ◽  
Large Scale Land

In this contribution I propose to examine an aspect of Sri Lankan agrarian history which is often alluded to but rarely studied in depth: the process of high land appropriation for the development of coffee, tea, rubber and coconut plantations. The development of a land market in the Indian subcontinent is becoming a promising field of research for the study of imperial impact as a process at work in specific contexts.The Sri Lankan case differs from the Indian one in that land appropriation was originally meant for and followed by large scale land alienation to outsiders–the planters. This process has attracted the interest of most historians writing on the history of the Raj in Ceylon, but usually the only aspect stressed has been the appropriation by the Colonial State of forest and chena(land devoted to slash-and-burn cultivation) for sale to British planters.

scholarly journals The Correlation of Ig M Anti PGL-1 antibody between blood veins and dryed capillary blood on filter papers in household contact of leprosy patient

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisha Calista Prakoeswa ◽  
Bayu Bijaksana Rumondor ◽  
Meva Nareza Trianita ◽  
I. Iswahyudi ◽  
Fatma Rosida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Household Contact ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Filter Papers

Delays of leprosy detection and treatment can lead to disability and potential transmission. Serologic examination has the advantage in detecting Subclinical Leprosy. The procedure of serologic test, which is one of its main limitation, could be simplified by the use filter paper. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the use of capillary blood dropped on filter paper as a substitute for venous blood in household contact of leprosy patients. Seventeen samples of capillary blood dried on filter paper and venous blood samples from the same individual were examined by ELISA method to determine the levels of IgM anti-Phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1). The mean of anti- PGL-1 IgM levels of filter paper samples 163.31±126.16; whereas the mean of levels from venous samples was 473.16±411.26. There was significant difference and correlation between these two groups. Samples on filter paper in household contact can be used to determine the level of anti-PGL-1 IgM in serum by converting on the regression basis. Further study is required to evaluate the potency of filter paper methods to conduct large-scale serological screening.

EMDR-HAP Training in Sri Lanka Following the 2004 Tsunami

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Errebo ◽  
James Knipe ◽  
Karen Forte ◽  
Victoria Karlin ◽  
Benek Altayli
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Training Team ◽  
2004 Tsunami

On December 26, 2004, an earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered a catastrophic tsunami. In Sri Lanka, 35,000 people died, 21,000 were injured, and more than half a million were displaced. An EMDR training program was conducted as a joint project of three organizations: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP), International Relief Teams (IRT), and the Sri Lankan National Counselors Association (SRILNAC). Between March and December 2005, 30 Sri Lankan counselors were trained in EMDR. These counselors demonstrated competence in EMDR on several measures, treated more than 1,000 children and more than 350 adult tsunami victims with EMDR in 2005, provided narrative reports and outcome measures for most of their clients, and formed the Sri Lanka EMDR Association (SEA). The crucial steps in establishing and implementing this training program are explained, with a summary of the subjective impressions and learning experiences most valued by the training team, including an excerpt from a trainer’s journal. This information may be useful to future cross-cultural humanitarian efforts following large-scale disasters.

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