scholarly journals Crime Dynamics in European Russia Guberniyas in 1896-1912: Statistical and Geoinformational Analysis of Regional Data on the Number of Convicts

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-203
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Igorevna Oleinikova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Regional Dynamics ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
General Dynamics ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Personal Crimes ◽  
Property Offences

The article addresses crime dynamics in European Russia provinces (guberniyas) in 1896-1912 accounting for data on the number of convicts. It studies regional features of the process as well as its differences from the general dynamics in the Russian Empire. The focus is two groups of convicts. The first one is those sentenced for personal crimes, the second one is those sentenced for property offences. The author has created thematic maps distributing convicts within guberniyas in 1896 and 1912. Moreover, she has correlated this information with the data on the size of the urban, rural and working population at the beginning and the end of the period and has visualized the dynamics of the convict number growth in 10 guberniyas of different regions of European Russia. The article concludes that the regional dynamics of the convict number growth differs from that characteristic of the Russian Empire as a whole. A GIS method applied has demonstrated that guberniyas grouped by convict numbers are similar at the beginning and the end of the period understudy. The author has revealed a correlation between the number of convicts sentenced for personal crimes and property offences. Moreover, taking into account the number of property convicts the study demonstrates rapid increase of the number of property offences by the end of the period understudy.  

TO BE REMEMBERED... ANNIVERSARIES OF TWO ACADEMICIANS

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-512
Author(s):  
Sergey MONIKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Science ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Scientific Contribution ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire

2020 marks 280 years since the birth of the outstanding Russian naturalist and explorer Ivan Ivanovich Lepyokhin (1740-1802) and 275 years since the birth of the outstanding German explorer and naturalist Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1745-1774). An overview of scientific contribution to the study of nature and economics of the Russian Empire in general and the southeast of European Russia in particular made by these two leaders of the Academic Expeditions of 1768-1774 is presented. The author discusses a number of inconsistencies in S.G. Gmelin’s biography found in references (encyclopedias), scientific and popular science literature of pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR. The question of I.I. Lepyokhin and S.G. Gmelin memorialization in Volgograd and Saratov Regions and the Republic of Dagestan has been raised.

scholarly journals TAX AUTHORITIES IN DNIPRO-REGION UKRAINE DURING THE POST-REFORM PERIOD: CURRENT UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
A. Istomina
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The liberal reforms carried out in the Russian Empire during the 1860's and 1870's markedly affected the financial sector of a gigantic country. They also had their peculiarities on the territory of the provinces inhabited by Ukrainians. Especially significant was the reformation of the tax service, which became more modern and copied the principles and methods of their work from similar structures of Western European states. In the middle of the nineteenth century іn the Dnieper Ukraine there was virtually no special tax authority. These functions were carried out by a number of government institutions, and the state-owned chambers carried out the coordination of their activities at the local provincial level. After the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War, its government was forced to carry out a series of systemic reforms. One of the directions of the reformation of the Romanov Empire was the reorganization of the sphere of public finances, in particular, of financial management and financial control. Over the past decades, Ukrainian historical science has paid special attention to the functioning of the tax authorities of the empire on the lands of modern Ukraine. In view of this, the article analyzes the contemporary Ukrainian historiography of the question of the functioning of the tax authorities of the Russian Empire in the Dnieper Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The main domestic researches of the activities of those power institutions that performed the functions of tax control in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire were considered. Particular attention is paid to the works, which highlighted regional features of the work of tax authorities. Perspective directions of further researches of this problem are outlined. The article states that the problems of the activity of tax authorities in the Dnieper Ukraine in the pre-reform period became the subject of the research of many modern Ukrainian scholars. One can even note the fact of formation of scientific schools on the problems of the history of financial policy in Ukraine. This is the Kyiv Historical School of Professor O. Reyent, the Kharkiv School of History and Law of Professor O. Golovko and the Kropyvnytsky School of Economic History of Professor V. Orlyk. However, there remain a number of aspects of the problem that require further in-depth study.

scholarly journals 1890th prison reform implementation in the Orenburg Governorate

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Sergey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Process ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Reform Implementation ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

This paper is about an implementation process of the 1890 law in the Orenburg province for organization of new regional structures of penitentiary management - provincial prison inspection and prison department of provincial board. Specifics of prison reform implementation in the region, the relation of the governor's power to emergence of new bureaucratic structures, features of interaction between the created governing bodies are considered as well as the place taken by representatives of prison administration in regional bureaucratic community after the reform implementation is determined. The conclusion is drawn that implementation of the 1890 law took place in the Orenburg province with essential regional features. Orenburg provincial inspection has been created later (1894) than in the Russian Empire in general because of prolonged implementation of judicial reform (1864) on the territory of the region. However this inspection became more influential than similar organizations in other regions of the Russian Empire as it has subordinated the prison department of the Orenburg provincial board and accumulated all main competences of the sphere of prison case. The status of the Orenburg provincial prison inspector was almost equal to the status of the vice-governor.

THE WORK OF THE ZEMSTVO SELF-GOVERNMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE IN THE ТAURIDE PROVINCE IN THE FIRST DECADE OF ZEMSTVO ACTIVITY (1866-1875)

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Kirill G. Morgunov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Third ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

During the period of liberal reforms of Emperor Alexander II in Russia in 1864, the zemstvo reform began, which was a continuation of the peasant reform of 1861. Zemstvo institutions were introduced in the country, in the Tauride province they appear two years later - in 1866, zemstvo institutions were in charge of local social and economic issues. One of the important issues that fell on the shoulders of the zemstvos was the issue of the development of medicine. Taking care of the people's health was not one of the mandatory zemstvo duties, but the growth of infectious diseases and the high mortality rate largely prompted the zemstvo authorities to promote the development of medical affairs. The work of the zemstvo bodies was especially difficult at the very beginning of the formation of zemstvo medicine, when the zemstvos had to raise to a new level everything that they had inherited in 1866. The first decade of zemstvo activity for the development of medical science is the subject of this study. The article deals with the regional features of the districts of the Tauride province and their importance in the development of public health in the region. The relevance and novelty of the study is added by the reflection of the influence of the social composition of the county zemstvo vowels on the modernization of the social sphere of the province. In conclusion, information is provided on the results achieved by local self-government bodies by the end of the third zemstvo triennial in relation to 1866. The results of the research provide information on the state of medical affairs of the Tauride province in 1875 in relation to the rest of the zemstvo provinces of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals COSSACK LITERATURE AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-138
Author(s):  
Sumei Yang ◽  
◽  
Nataliya V. Lukiyanchikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Regional Component ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Historical Periods

In the article, the authors attempt to characterize the specifics and follow the dynamics of literature devoted to the history and culture of the Russian Cossacks, to describe the stages of the development of Cossack literature as a special cultural phenomenon. The article considers in detail that the way of life, the nature of social organization, life and culture, the morals and folklore of Cossacks have always been specific and thereby were of special interest of scientists, in connection with which a large number of scientific studies appeared on various aspects of this phenomenon. Special attention in the proposed work is paid to the regional features of Cossack culture and the multifaceted, internally rich images of Cossacks created by Russian writers (both classics and authors of the XX-XXI centuries), the article explains how the regional component is presented in Cossack folklore and literature, analyzes works devoted to Cossacks as a special socio-ethnic phenomenon. Cossack literature is considered by the authors of literature in the context of three historical periods: Cossack literature of the Russian Empire (before the 1917 Revolution), Cossack literature related to the era of the Soviet state (1917–1991), the latest Cossack literature (from 1991 to the present), it is noted that each era imposes its own imprint on the problems and system of images of works: the heroization of the Cossacks, who fulfill the historical mission of protecting their native land and developing new spaces, in the literature of the pre-revolutionary period, the tragic concept of the Cossacks in the literature of the Soviet era and the image of the process of reviving the spirit of the Cossacks in modern literature.

scholarly journals DRUG AND ALCOHOLIC PRACTICE HOLYGMISM IN THE WORKING POPULATION SOUTH OF UKRAINE (END OF XIX - BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
I. Міронова
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Large Concentration ◽  
Joint Activity ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Southern Ukraine

The article covers the activities of the Russian Empire Government and the local Guardianships of Public Sobriety in the field of combating alcoholism among the working population of Southern Ukraine in the late XIX – the early XX centuries. A reform of the state wine monopoly, the alcohol industry development and the growth of drinking establishments in the region are considered. It was noted that the introduction of the monopoly streamlined the production and sale of alcohol. However, the problem of alcoholism was not fully understood by the state because of the traditional priority of state interests over public ones.The reasons of alcoholization of the Southern Ukrainian governorates’ (provinces’) working population are revealed. It was found that the Katerynoslav Governorate was the first in consuming liquor among other governorates of the Russian Empire. It could be explained by its economic situation, the large concentration of workers in the mining enterprises and mostly male composition of the population. The attention was paid to the local Guardianships of Public Sobriety (the Guardianships), their activities in dealing with drinking among workers. Their primary measures in the fight against alcoholism are covered. They are the following: lectures, talks and readings; opening of tea rooms, cheap canteens and reading libraries. It is justified that the joint activity of the government and the Guardianships, although not completed, contributed to the reduction of alcohol consumption by the population.

Historiographical traditions in the study of “children of misfortune” in the context of orphanage in the Russian Empire and Soviet Russia in the first third of the 20th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 272-282
Author(s):  
Inna Shikunova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
System Development ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire

We consider the historiographical traditions of both domestic and foreign historiography on the study of the childhood history, children’s daily life, the history of motherhood and childhood, social welfare and charity of “children of misfortune” both in the capital and at the provincial level in the first third of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of methodological approaches and research practices, we identify the most successful, complex and effective, including consider-ation of various poorly studied aspects of the claimed scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system study that are significantly different from the works of the capital’s historians. We refine the approaches and interpretation in the study of the role and place of the social state in the Russian Empire and the policy of Soviet authorities in relation to orphans. We reveal the main posed questions of the prospects of historiographical study of a wide range of childhood history problems. We draw conclusions about the results of the study of social protec-tion and charity of orphans system in both pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account the regional specifics and specific historical manifesta-tions of social policy in the study of charitable support and private public initiative of the period under review. We reveal the stereotypical approaches and assessments in relation to the system development of social charity and welfare for “children of misfortune” in imperial and Soviet Russia.

scholarly journals Features of the Position of Governors in Siberia in the 19th Century (on the Example of Irkutsk Governorate)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
A. L. Nikiforov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
The Status ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the comparison of the status of the governor in Siberia and European Russia. The similarities and differences are revealed between Irkutsk governors and governors of the central part of the Russian Empire in terms of the volume and nature of powers, formal and informal ways of interaction with higher officials. Based on published sources and historical research, it is concluded that the position of the chiefs of the Irkutsk governorate differed significantly from the standard version of the governor's office of the 19th century.

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