Why do women choose to start, continue or stop breastfeeding? a qualitative phenomenological interpretive analysis

The statistics from the National Health Service in the United Kingdom show that despite the current advice to breastfeed an infant exclusively for the first six months of life, less than 1% of mothers are actually doing this. Therefore, it is important it understand the barriers to breastfeeding experiences by women. The study aimed to investigate why some women choose to continue breastfeeding their infant, whilst other women do not. A qualitative semi-structured approach was employed recruiting eight participants interviewed one-to-one and three participants via one mini focus group. It was decided to use a qualitative approach in order to understand the experiences of women who have breastfed. Ethical approval was received from University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences. Data was analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The analysis identified four main themes centred on; social and cultural expectations of women, the impact of breastfeeding on maternal role, the perceived impact of breastfeeding on the mother’s attachment to her infant, and finally, the information provision from health care professional involved throughout pregnancy and after. The study only employed 11 participants. It is hoped that this study can be extended in the future to better understand the experiences of a wider range of breastfeeding women. Increased support and resources are needed to support women through the early stages of breastfeeding. Women need more appropriate help and support from professionals to enable them to breast feed without undue pressure, particularly when breastfeeding becomes problematic. Future research should investigate when different forms of information provision should be provided.

Why do women choose to start, continue or stop breastfeeding? a qualitative phenomenological interpretive analysis

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1166v1 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Ryan ◽

Alyson Norman

Keyword(s):

Information Provision ◽

Future Research ◽

Interpretive Analysis ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Breast Feed ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Qualitative Phenomenological ◽

The Impact ◽

Experiences Of Women ◽

The statistics from the National Health Service in the United Kingdom show that despite the current advice to breastfeed an infant exclusively for the first six months of life, less than 1% of mothers are actually doing this. Therefore, it is important it understand the barriers to breastfeeding experiences by women. The study aimed to investigate why some women choose to continue breastfeeding their infant, whilst other women do not. A qualitative semi-structured approach was employed recruiting eight participants interviewed one-to-one and three participants via one mini focus group. It was decided to use a qualitative approach in order to understand the experiences of women who have breastfed. Ethical approval was received from University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences. Data was analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The analysis identified four main themes centred on; social and cultural expectations of women, the impact of breastfeeding on maternal role, the perceived impact of breastfeeding on the mother’s attachment to her infant, and finally, the information provision from health care professional involved throughout pregnancy and after. The study only employed 8 participants. It is hoped that this study can be extended in the future to better understand the experiences of a wider range of breastfeeding women. Increased support and resources are needed to support women through the early stages of breastfeeding. Women need more appropriate help and support from professionals to enable them to breast feed without undue pressure, particularly when breastfeeding becomes problematic. Future research should investigate when different forms of information provision should be provided.

Why do women choose to start, continue or stop breastfeeding? a qualitative phenomenological interpretive analysis

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1166 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Ryan ◽

Alyson Norman

Keyword(s):

Information Provision ◽

Future Research ◽

Interpretive Analysis ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Breast Feed ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Qualitative Phenomenological ◽

The Impact ◽

Experiences Of Women ◽

Transparency you can trust: Transparency requirements for artificial intelligence between legal norms and contextual concerns

Big Data & Society ◽

10.1177/2053951719860542 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 205395171986054 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Heike Felzmann ◽

Eduard Fosch Villaronga ◽

Christoph Lutz ◽

Aurelia Tamò-Larrieux

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Data Protection ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Information Provision ◽

Human Robot Interaction ◽

Future Research ◽

General Data Protection Regulation ◽

Wide Range ◽

General Data ◽

Transparency is now a fundamental principle for data processing under the General Data Protection Regulation. We explore what this requirement entails for artificial intelligence and automated decision-making systems. We address the topic of transparency in artificial intelligence by integrating legal, social, and ethical aspects. We first investigate the ratio legis of the transparency requirement in the General Data Protection Regulation and its ethical underpinnings, showing its focus on the provision of information and explanation. We then discuss the pitfalls with respect to this requirement by focusing on the significance of contextual and performative factors in the implementation of transparency. We show that human–computer interaction and human-robot interaction literature do not provide clear results with respect to the benefits of transparency for users of artificial intelligence technologies due to the impact of a wide range of contextual factors, including performative aspects. We conclude by integrating the information- and explanation-based approach to transparency with the critical contextual approach, proposing that transparency as required by the General Data Protection Regulation in itself may be insufficient to achieve the positive goals associated with transparency. Instead, we propose to understand transparency relationally, where information provision is conceptualized as communication between technology providers and users, and where assessments of trustworthiness based on contextual factors mediate the value of transparency communications. This relational concept of transparency points to future research directions for the study of transparency in artificial intelligence systems and should be taken into account in policymaking.

When Less Is More: Empirical Study of the Relation Between Consumer Behavior and Information Provision on Commercial Landing Pages

Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline ◽

10.28945/4015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 019-039 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nim Dvir ◽

Ruti Gafni

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Consumer Behavior ◽

Information Provision ◽

The Body ◽

Future Research ◽

Empirical Examination ◽

Less Is More ◽

Amount Of Information ◽

Online Decision Making ◽

Aim/Purpose: This paper describes an empirical examination of how users’ willingness to disclose personal data is influenced by the amount of information provided on landing pages – standalone web pages created explicitly for marketing or advertising campaigns. Background: Provision of information is a central construct in the IS discipline. Content is a term commonly used to describe the information made available by a website or other electronic medium. A pertinent debate among scholars and practitioners relate to the behavioral impact of content volume: Specifically, does a greater amount of information elicit engagement and compliance, or the other way around? Methodology: A series of large-scale web experiments (n= 535 and n= 27,900) were conducted employing a between-subjects design and A/B testing. Two variants of landing pages, long and short, were created based on relevant behavioral theories. Both variants included an identical form to collect users’ information, but different amounts of provided content. User traffic was generated using Google AdWords and randomized between the page using Unbounce.com. Relevant usage metrics, such as response rate (called “conversion rate”), location, and visit time were recorded. Contribution: This research contributes to the body of knowledge on information provision and its effectiveness and carries practical and theoretical implications to practitioners and scholars in Information Systems, Informing Science, Communications, Digital Marketing, and related fields. Findings: Analyses of results show that the shorter landing pages had significantly higher conversion rates across all locations and times. Findings demonstrate a negative correlation between the content amount and consumer behavior, suggesting that users who had less information were more inclined to provide their data. Recommendations for Practitioners: At a practical level, results can empirically support business practices, design considerations, and content strategy by informing practitioners on the role of content in online commerce. Recommendation for Researchers: Findings suggest that the amount of content plays a significant role in online decision making and effective informing. They also contradict prior research on trust, persuasion, and security. This study advances research on the paradoxical relationship between the increased level of information and online decision-making and indicates that contrary to earlier work, not all persuasion theories‎ are ‎effective online. Impact on Society: Understanding how information drives behavior has implications in many domains (civic engagement, health, education, and more). This has relevance to system design and public communication in both online and offline contexts. Future Research: Using this research as a starting point, future research can examine the impact of content in other contexts, as well as other behavioral drivers (such as demographic data). This can lead to theoretical, methodological, and practical recommendations.

Protein status of people with phenylketonuria: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049883 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e049883

Author(s):

Sarah Firman ◽

Radha Ramachandran ◽

Kevin Whelan ◽

Oliver C Witard ◽

Majella O’Keeffe

Keyword(s):

Scoping Review ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Grey Literature ◽

The Body ◽

Future Research ◽

Advisory Group ◽

Protein Status ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Review Protocol ◽

IntroductionPhenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder of protein metabolism resulting in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body. Dietary management consists of altering the sources of ingested protein to limit phenylalanine intake. Current dietary protein guidelines for PKU are based on limited scientific evidence, thus it remains unclear whether current practice leads to optimal protein status in people with PKU. To date, no attempt has been made to systematically evaluate the protein status of people with PKU, using a combination of validated anthropometric, biochemical and functional measurement tools. Furthermore, factors known to influence protein status in the general population warrant consideration when determining protein status in individuals with PKU, alongside factors unique to PKU such as the type of protein substitute consumed. Understanding the impact of these variables on protein status is crucial to developing a personalised approach to protein recommendations for optimising health and functional outcomes in people with PKU. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to examine existing evidence regarding the protein status of people with PKU, and to investigate the nutritional and lifestyle variables that influence protein status.Methods and analysisThis review will be guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, along with guidance from Levac et al, Pawliuk et al and the Joanna Briggs Institute. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus, alongside grey literature. Identified literature will be assessed by two independent reviewers for inclusion. Descriptive numerical analysis will be performed and a narrative summary will accompany the tabulated results describing how study findings relate to the review questions.Ethics and disseminationThis review protocol does not require ethical approval. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, presented at relevant conferences, and shared with a patient research advisory group to inform discussions on future research.

Identifying policies and strategies for general practitioner retention in direct patient care in the United Kingdom: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness method panel study

BMC Family Practice ◽

10.1186/s12875-019-1020-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rupa Chilvers ◽

Suzanne H. Richards ◽

Emily Fletcher ◽

Alex Aylward ◽

Sarah Dean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

United Kingdom ◽

General Practitioner ◽

Online Survey ◽

Panel Study ◽

Well Being ◽

Direct Patient Care ◽

Future Research ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Abstract Background The United Kingdom (UK) is experiencing a general practitioner (GP) workforce retention crisis. Research has focused on investigating why GPs intend to quit, but less is known about the acceptability and effectiveness of policies and strategies to improve GP retention. Using evidence from research and key stakeholder organisations, we generated a set of potential policies and strategies aimed at maximising GP retention and tested their appropriateness for implementation by systematically consulting with GPs. Methods 28 GP Partners and GPs working in national stakeholder organisations from South West England and London were purposively sampled, and asked to take part in a RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method panel. Panellists were asked to read an evidence briefing summary, and then complete an online survey on two occasions. During each round, participants rated the appropriateness of policies and strategies aimed at improving GP retention using a nine point scale (1 ‘extremely inappropriate’ to 9 ‘extremely appropriate’). Fifty-four potential policies and strategies (equating to 100 statements) were tested, focusing on factors influencing job satisfaction (e.g. well-being, workload, incentives and remuneration, flexible working, human resources systems). Ratings were analysed for panel consensus and categorised based on appropriateness (‘appropriate’, ‘uncertain’, ‘inappropriate’). Results 12/28 GPs approached agreed to take part, 9/28 completed two rounds of the online survey between February and June 2018. Panellists identified 24/54 policy and strategy areas (41/100 statements) as ‘appropriate’. Examples included providing GP practices ‘at risk’ of experiencing GP shortages with a toolkit for managing recruitment and retention, and interventions to facilitate peer support to enhance health and wellbeing, or support portfolio careers. Strategies to limit GP workload, and manage patient demand were also endorsed. Conclusions The panel of experienced GPs identified a number of practical ways to improve GP retention through interventions that might enhance job satisfaction and work-life balance. Future research should evaluate the impact of implementing these recommendations.

Digital labelling in the retail environment: a domain-specific innovativeness perspective

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management ◽

10.1108/ijrdm-08-2018-0175 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 1336-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sean A. Tanner ◽

Mary B. McCarthy ◽

Seamus J. O’Reilly

Keyword(s):

Risk Aversion ◽

Information Provision ◽

Mobile Marketing ◽

Future Research ◽

Qr Code ◽

Qr Codes ◽

Specific Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Purpose This is an exploratory study leveraging a domain-specific innovativeness (DSI) perspective to understand adoption of QR code delivered mobile marketing. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of “innovativeness” and “risk aversion” on QR code adoption and usage in the low-involvement context to address tensions between risk and innovation literatures. Design/methodology/approach Participants were assigned to “laggard” (n=19) and “innovator/early adopter” (n=19) segments using the DSI scale. A combination of qualitative reductionism (means-end chain analysis) and qualitative holism (semi-structured interviewing) was employed. Findings Confusion regarding the functionality and purpose of QR codes adversely affected willingness to use and utility perceptions. Source trust and information credibility emerged as key concerns for those considering QR codes, with consumer risk aversion and innovativeness orientations influencing the nature of trust concerns. A perceived lack of complementarity between QR codes and retail environments reduced perceived relevance. For low-involvement products, marketers should consider moving beyond brand-level communication to align offerings to the broader foodscape. Research limitations/implications Findings are limited to the low-involvement product context. Although DSI was considered, the impact of technological innovativeness was not explored. Future research may consider the impact of information provision at the broader foodscape rather than product-specific level when exploring QR code applications in the food domain. Originality/value This is the first study to explore the role of product category innovativeness, as distinct from technological innovativeness on the acceptance and usage of mobile marketing applications in the low-involvement context. This research builds on existing risk and innovation literatures and addresses tensions between these literatures presented by QR codes within the low-involvement context.

The Way of Macroplastic through the Environment

Environments ◽

10.3390/environments7100073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simone Lechthaler ◽

Kryss Waldschläger ◽

Georg Stauch ◽

Holger Schüttrumpf

Keyword(s):

Review Paper ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Future Research ◽

Basic Information ◽

Receptor Model ◽

Applied Model ◽

The Impact ◽

First Time ◽

With the focus on microplastic in current research, macroplastic is often not further considered. Thus, this review paper is the first to analyse the entry paths, accumulation zones, and sinks of macroplastic in the aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environment by presenting transport paths and concentrations in the environment as well as related risks. This is done by applying the Source–Pathway–Receptor model on macroplastic in the environment. Based on this model, the life cycle of macroplastic is structurally described, and knowledge gaps are identified. Hence, current research aspects on macroplastic as well as a sound delimitation between macro- and microplastic that can be applied to future research are indicated. The results can be used as basic information for further research and show a qualitative assessment of the impact of macroplastic that ends up in the environment and accumulates there. Furthermore, the applied model allows for the first time a quantitative and structured approach to macroplastic in the environment.

Mapping the Research Landscape for the Motorcycle Market Policies: Sustainability as a Trend—A Systematic Literature Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su131910813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 10813

Author(s):

Lorena Cadavid ◽

Kathleen Salazar-Serna

Keyword(s):

Systems Design ◽

The United States ◽

Research Area ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Future Research ◽

Upward Trend ◽

Future Research Agenda ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Tech Mining ◽

The motorcycle market has experienced an upward trend. That growth brings along mobility, accidents, and environment-related issues; nevertheless, there is a scarcity of literature on evaluating the impact of motorcycle market policies. Consequently, it has been challenging for researchers and policymakers to develop evidence-based strategies to promote or control the growth of this market. This paper aims to review and analyze the scientific literature about motorcycle market policies, using tech-mining techniques and a cluster analysis of keywords, to provide insights about the most relevant world trends in this research area. For this purpose, the bibliographic information of publications in the field was retrieved from the Scopus database. As a result, three thematic clusters (sustainability, mobility, and electric motorcycles) were identified and explained. According to our findings, greenhouse gas emissions, sustainability, environmental impact, and developing countries are the hot research topics. The research leader countries on said topics are the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This study can, therefore, be used as a reference to define a future research agenda in the area. Consequently, it permits researchers and policymakers to identify trending topics and gaps in knowledge, as a baseline to include motorcycles in sustainable and affordable transport systems design.

...the idea of perfection is ridiculous but somehow there is the ideology of perfect skin... A qualitative investigation of the meaning of perfect skin for those with and without a visible difference

10.31237/osf.io/nmxpu ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Amy Lloyd-Houldey

Keyword(s):

Lived Experience ◽

Sampling Methods ◽

Primary Data ◽

Future Research ◽

Qualitative Investigation ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Skin Conditions ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

Level Of Agreement

This qualitative study explored the meaning of perfect skin for those with and without a visible difference. Facebook focus groups were used to collect primary data, using snowballing and opportunistic sampling methods. A heterogeneous sample of participants were recruited to ensure maximum variation (Patton, 2015), allowing the researcher to identify the most important themes across a diverse group. Participants were divided into a visible difference group (participants with skin conditions; aged 21-54; 9 women, 3 men) and a non-visible difference group (those without skin conditions; aged 18- 33; 9 women, 3 men). Once ethical approval was granted, the data was collected, and analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Four superordinate themes were identified for discussion; The importance of blending in not standing out; The appearance of the skin is the responsibility of the individual; The ideology of perfect skin; The changing importance of the skin across the lifespan. Most interesting, was the level of agreement across both groups. Future research should aim to further explore the lived experience, and stigma surrounding the skin, by including participants with an invisible difference. As well as the impact social media has on the perception of the skin.