scholarly journals How Fast Can a Human Run? − Bipedal vs. Quadrupedal Running

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Kinugasa ◽  
Yoshiyuki Usami
Keyword(s):  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Fitting Procedures ◽  
First Time ◽  
World Records ◽  
Human Running

Background. Usain Bolt holds the current world record for a 100-m run, 9.58 s, and has been described as the best human sprinter in history. However, this raises questions concerning the maximum human running speed. Can the world’s fastest men become faster still? The correct answer is likely “Yes”. Methods. We plotted the historical world records for bipedal and quadrupedal 100-m sprint times according to competition year. These historical records were plotted using several curve-fitting procedures. Results. We found that the projected speeds intersected in 2052, when for the first time, the winning quadrupedal 100-m sprint time of 9.249 s was projected to be lower than the winning bipedal time of 9.350 s. Conclusion. Quadrupedal running is not a new running style, and has been used by all humans. This running style simply awakens a human locomotive instinct from an enduring sleep.

scholarly journals How Fast Can a Human Run? − Bipedal vs. Quadrupedal Running

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Kinugasa ◽  
Yoshiyuki Usami
Keyword(s):  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Fitting Procedures ◽  
First Time ◽  
World Records ◽  
Human Running

Background. Usain Bolt holds the current world record for a 100-m run, 9.58 s, and has been described as the best human sprinter in history. However, this raises questions concerning the maximum human running speed. Can the world’s fastest men become faster still? The correct answer is likely “Yes”. Methods. We plotted the historical world records for bipedal and quadrupedal 100-m sprint times according to competition year. These historical records were plotted using several curve-fitting procedures. Results. We found that the projected speeds intersected in 2052, when for the first time, the winning quadrupedal 100-m sprint time of 9.249 s was projected to be lower than the winning bipedal time of 9.350 s. Conclusion. Quadrupedal running is not a new running style, and has been used by all humans. This running style simply awakens a human locomotive instinct from an enduring sleep.

scholarly journals Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1657) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Rittweger ◽  
Pietro Enrico di Prampero ◽  
Nicola Maffulli ◽  
Marco V Narici
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
World Records

Human physical performance is notably reduced with ageing. Although the effects of ageing are often compounded by disuse, the study of master athletes provides an opportunity for investigating the effects of ageing per se . It is often held that sprinting is more affected than endurance performance. However, past analyses of master athletic world record data have yielded opposite observations. We argue here that our understanding of these data improves by considering how, biomechanically, metabolic power is related to athletic performance. In line with earlier studies, our analysis showed that running speed declines with age in a more pronounced way for endurance events than for sprinting events, confirming former studies. However, when assessing the metabolic power required to achieve the running world records, sprint and endurance events show a relatively uniform decline with age across the different events. This study has reconciled formerly conflicting scientific results and improves our understanding of the ageing process. However, it is unclear as to which are the governing mechanisms that cause the different systems in our body, responsible for sprinting and for endurance performance, to be affected by ageing in a remarkably uniform way.

An Analysis of Pacing Strategies During Men’s World-Record Performances in Track Athletics

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Tucker ◽  
Michael I. Lambert ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
World Records

Purpose:To analyze pacing strategies employed during men's world-record performances for 800-m, 5000-m, and 10,000-m races.Methods:In the 800-m event, lap times were analyzed for 26 world-record performances from 1912 to 1997. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, times for each kilometer were analyzed for 32 (1922 to 2004) and 34 (1921 to 2004) world records.Results:The second lap in the 800-m event was significantly slower than the first lap (52.0 ± 1.7 vs 54.4 ± 4.9 seconds, P < .00005). In only 2 world records was the second lap faster than the first lap. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, the first and final kilometers were significantly faster than the middle kilometer intervals, resulting in an overall even pace with an end spurt at the end.Conclusion:The optimal pacing strategy during world-record performances differs for the 800-m event compared with the 5000-m and 10,000-m events. In the 800-m event, greater running speeds are achieved in the first lap, and the ability to increase running speed on the second lap is limited. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, an end spurt occurs because of the maintenance of a reserve during the middle part of the race. In all events, pacing strategy is regulated in a complex system that balances the demand for optimal performance with the requirement to defend homeostasis during exercise.

scholarly journals Lecture attendance improves success in medical physiology

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enver Ahmet Demir ◽  
Okan Tutuk ◽  
Hatice Dogan ◽  
Duygu Egeli ◽  
Cemil Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Correlation Analyses ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Educational Sources ◽  
First Time

The educators have underlined the importance of lecture attendance for decades. Nowadays, students have ample online educational sources, which began a debate on the necessity of in-class lectures. In the present study, we investigated the influence of lecture attendance on the exam success. To this aim, we adopted a novel approach and matched second-year medicine students’ answers in three interim exams with the lectures related to those questions. Thereby, we were able to evaluate if attending lectures increases the chance of giving a correct answer to the exam question generated from the attended lecture. Furthermore, we examined students who had never taken the course before (first-time takers) and students who had failed and repeated the course (repeat takers) separately, since repeat takers may have attended a lecture previously. We found that first-time takers attended more lectures and gained higher total scores than repeat takers. Lecture-matched correct answers were significantly higher for attended lectures than for skipped lectures in all interim exams. Moreover, the correlation analyses revealed that the number of correct answers increases by lecture attendance in both first-time and repeat takers. These results indicate that in-class lectures still should be considered as an essential part of the medical physiology education, even in the internet era.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of both sex marathon runners ranked by IAAF

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Anselmo José Perez ◽  
Adilson Marques ◽  
Kamilla Bolonha Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Black Community ◽  
International Association ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
World Record ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
The World ◽  
World Records

Running a marathon has become the motivation to achieve success and economic independence for athletes, mainly from African countries. This feeling is more evident among the black community, considering that they have been presenting better results than white athletes. The objective of the study was to analyse the ranking of marathon runners around the world, in the last 15 years considering: 1) nationality; 2) best average time of the 100 best classified runners from the Top 100, Top 50, Top 25, Top 10 and Top 3. An analysis was made to the ranking available on the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) website, for the 100 best world results for both sexes, focusing on records from 2000 to 2014. The analysis was subdivided into ranking groups (Top 3, 10, 25, 50 and 100), resulting in 3000 records. African runners, Kenyan and Ethiopian, dominate the male ranking representing 70% of the total of runners in Top 100, keeping this proportion up to Top 3. African runners, Kenyan and Ethiopian, dominate the male ranking representing 70% of the total of runners in Top 100, keeping this proportion up to Top 3. The same is observed for females, however with a significantly lower percentage (34%), with Japanese, Ethiopian and Kenyan (17%) and an English athlete as the world record. The average time of a marathon has been decreasing in males more than in female competitions, both in Top 3 and Top 10, however still presenting a large gap from world records. 

scholarly journals RESURRECTED RECORDS

2016 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Carlson ◽  
William S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Montgomery County ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Terrapene Carolina ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
Apalone Spinifera ◽  
Sternotherus Odoratus ◽  
Terrapene Carolina Carolina ◽  
First Time ◽  
Species Occurrences

Current and historic records of species occurrences in particular localities enable researchers to monitor changes in species distribution and abundance. While current fauna can be documented with sufficient effort, missing historical records represent data that can never again be obtained. It is with this importance in mind that we report for the first time records of eight reptile species in Montgomery County, Indiana, USA, that were documented in 1964, though no vouchered specimens persist. These species include: Sternotherus odoratus, Terrapene carolina carolina, Chrysemys picta marginata, Apalone spinifera spinifera, Thamnophis sauritus sauritus, Storeria dekayi wrightorum, Lampropeltis calligaster, Lampropeltis triangulum. We also provide a list of the 23 currently documented reptile species that occur (or have occurred recently) in Montgomery County.

scholarly journals Effect of Mathematical Modeling and Fitting Procedures on the Assessment of Critical Speed and Its Relationship With Aerobic Fitness Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Patoz ◽  
Nicola Pedrani ◽  
Romain Spicher ◽  
André Berchtold ◽  
Fabio Borrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Fitting Procedures ◽  
Fitness Parameters

An accurate estimation of critical speed (CS) is important to accurately define the boundary between heavy and severe intensity domains when prescribing exercise. Hence, our aim was to compare CS estimates obtained by statistically appropriate fitting procedures, i.e., regression analyses that correctly consider the dependent variables of the underlying models. A second aim was to determine the correlations between estimated CS and aerobic fitness parameters, i.e., ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point, and maximal rate of oxygen uptake. Sixteen male runners performed a maximal incremental aerobic test and four exhaustive runs at 90, 100, 110, and 120% of the peak speed of the incremental test on a treadmill. Then, two mathematically equivalent formulations (time as function of running speed and distance as function of running speed) of three different mathematical models (two-parameter, three-parameter, and three-parameter exponential) were employed to estimate CS, the distance that can be run above CS (d′), and if applicable, the maximal instantaneous running speed (smax). A significant effect of the mathematical model was observed when estimating CS, d′, and smax (P &lt; 0.001), but there was no effect of the fitting procedure (P &gt; 0.77). The three-parameter model had the best fit quality (smallest Akaike information criterion) of the CS estimates but the highest 90% confidence intervals and combined standard error of estimates (%SEE). The 90% CI and %SEE were similar when comparing the two fitting procedures for a given model. High and very high correlations were obtained between CS and aerobic fitness parameters for the three different models (r ≥ 0.77) as well as reasonably small SEE (SEE ≤ 6.8%). However, our results showed no further support for selecting the best mathematical model to estimate critical speed. Nonetheless, we suggest coaches choosing a mathematical model beforehand to define intensity domains and maintaining it over the running seasons.

scholarly journals Las danzas indígenas del centro de México según las fuentes coloniales / The indigenous dances of Central Mexico according to colonial sources

Revista Trace ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Mirjana Danilović
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
New World ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Nous Pouvons ◽  
Complete Synthesis ◽  
Spanish Explorers ◽  
Nouveau Monde ◽  
First Time ◽  
Peuples Autochtones

El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de las descripciones de la danza indígena del centro de México prehispánico según las fuentes coloniales escritas en español, latín y náhuatl. Por primera vez se hace una síntesis completa de la información de los exploradores, misioneros y cronistas españoles y de las fuentes escritas por indígenas o con indígenas acerca de la danza nativa. A través del análisis se puede observar cómo los soldados o conquistadores, los cronistas oficiales de la Corona española y los frailes ofrecieron una visión de acuerdo con sus intereses, creencias y modos de conceptualizar el mundo.Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to study the descriptions of the indigenous dance of Central pre-Hispanic Mexico according to the colonial sources written in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl. For the first time, a complete synthesis of the information obtained by the Spanish explorers, missionaries, and chroniclers, and of the sources written by indigenous people or with indigenous people about the native dance is made. Through the analysis one can observe how the official chroniclers of the Spanish Crown, the friars and the soldiers or conquerors offered a vision in accordance with their interests, beliefs and their ways of conceptualizing the world.Keywords: dance; New World; Mesoamerican studies; historical records; worldview.Résumé : L’objectif de cet article est l’étude des descriptions de la danse autochtone du Mexique central à l’époque préhispanique selon les sources coloniales écrites en espagnol, latin et nahuatl. Pour la première fois, une synthèse complète est réalisée avec des informations des explorateurs, des missionnaires, des chroniqueurs espagnols ainsi que des sources écrites par, ou avec les peuples autochtones à propos de la danse indigène. Tout au long de cette analyse nous pouvons constater la manière dont les chroniqueurs officiels de la Couronne espagnole, les moines et les soldats ou conquérants ont offert une vision en fonction de leurs intérêts, croyances et façons de conceptualiser le monde.Mots-clés : danse ; Nouveau Monde ; études mésoaméricaines ; sources historiques ; vision du monde.

The lefteye flounder family Bothidae (Order Pleuronectiformes) of Taiwan

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4702 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-215
Author(s):  
KUNIO AMAOKA ◽  
HSUAN-CHING HO
Keyword(s):  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

The family Bothidae in Taiwan is reviewed. A total of 15 genera and 42 species are recognized. Historical records are re-evaluated and five species are recorded in Taiwan for the first time: Arnoglossus yamanakai Fukui & Ozawa, 1988, Crossorhombus valderostratus (Alcock, 1890), Parabothus polylepis (Alcock, 1889), Parabothus coarctatus (Gilbert, 1905), and Psettina variegata (Fowler, 1933). Laeops tongkongensis Chen & Weng, 1965 is recognized as a junior synonym of Laeops kitaharae Smith & Pope, 1906. Keys to genera and species, diagnostic characters, distribution and photographs are provided. 

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