An Analysis of Pacing Strategies During Men’s World-Record Performances in Track Athletics

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Tucker ◽  
Michael I. Lambert ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
World Records

Purpose:To analyze pacing strategies employed during men's world-record performances for 800-m, 5000-m, and 10,000-m races.Methods:In the 800-m event, lap times were analyzed for 26 world-record performances from 1912 to 1997. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, times for each kilometer were analyzed for 32 (1922 to 2004) and 34 (1921 to 2004) world records.Results:The second lap in the 800-m event was significantly slower than the first lap (52.0 ± 1.7 vs 54.4 ± 4.9 seconds, P < .00005). In only 2 world records was the second lap faster than the first lap. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, the first and final kilometers were significantly faster than the middle kilometer intervals, resulting in an overall even pace with an end spurt at the end.Conclusion:The optimal pacing strategy during world-record performances differs for the 800-m event compared with the 5000-m and 10,000-m events. In the 800-m event, greater running speeds are achieved in the first lap, and the ability to increase running speed on the second lap is limited. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, an end spurt occurs because of the maintenance of a reserve during the middle part of the race. In all events, pacing strategy is regulated in a complex system that balances the demand for optimal performance with the requirement to defend homeostasis during exercise.

scholarly journals Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1657) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Rittweger ◽  
Pietro Enrico di Prampero ◽  
Nicola Maffulli ◽  
Marco V Narici
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
World Records

Human physical performance is notably reduced with ageing. Although the effects of ageing are often compounded by disuse, the study of master athletes provides an opportunity for investigating the effects of ageing per se . It is often held that sprinting is more affected than endurance performance. However, past analyses of master athletic world record data have yielded opposite observations. We argue here that our understanding of these data improves by considering how, biomechanically, metabolic power is related to athletic performance. In line with earlier studies, our analysis showed that running speed declines with age in a more pronounced way for endurance events than for sprinting events, confirming former studies. However, when assessing the metabolic power required to achieve the running world records, sprint and endurance events show a relatively uniform decline with age across the different events. This study has reconciled formerly conflicting scientific results and improves our understanding of the ageing process. However, it is unclear as to which are the governing mechanisms that cause the different systems in our body, responsible for sprinting and for endurance performance, to be affected by ageing in a remarkably uniform way.

scholarly journals How Fast Can a Human Run? − Bipedal vs. Quadrupedal Running

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Kinugasa ◽  
Yoshiyuki Usami
Keyword(s):  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Fitting Procedures ◽  
First Time ◽  
World Records ◽  
Human Running

Background. Usain Bolt holds the current world record for a 100-m run, 9.58 s, and has been described as the best human sprinter in history. However, this raises questions concerning the maximum human running speed. Can the world’s fastest men become faster still? The correct answer is likely “Yes”. Methods. We plotted the historical world records for bipedal and quadrupedal 100-m sprint times according to competition year. These historical records were plotted using several curve-fitting procedures. Results. We found that the projected speeds intersected in 2052, when for the first time, the winning quadrupedal 100-m sprint time of 9.249 s was projected to be lower than the winning bipedal time of 9.350 s. Conclusion. Quadrupedal running is not a new running style, and has been used by all humans. This running style simply awakens a human locomotive instinct from an enduring sleep.

scholarly journals How Fast Can a Human Run? − Bipedal vs. Quadrupedal Running

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Kinugasa ◽  
Yoshiyuki Usami
Keyword(s):  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Fitting Procedures ◽  
First Time ◽  
World Records ◽  
Human Running

Background. Usain Bolt holds the current world record for a 100-m run, 9.58 s, and has been described as the best human sprinter in history. However, this raises questions concerning the maximum human running speed. Can the world’s fastest men become faster still? The correct answer is likely “Yes”. Methods. We plotted the historical world records for bipedal and quadrupedal 100-m sprint times according to competition year. These historical records were plotted using several curve-fitting procedures. Results. We found that the projected speeds intersected in 2052, when for the first time, the winning quadrupedal 100-m sprint time of 9.249 s was projected to be lower than the winning bipedal time of 9.350 s. Conclusion. Quadrupedal running is not a new running style, and has been used by all humans. This running style simply awakens a human locomotive instinct from an enduring sleep.

scholarly journals Relationships Between Triathlon Performance and Pacing Strategy During the Run in an International Competition

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Le Meur ◽  
Thierry Bernard ◽  
Sylvain Dorel ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Gérard Honnorat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
High Level

Purpose:The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between athlete’s pacing strategies and running performance during an international triathlon competition.Methods:Running split times for each of the 107 finishers of the 2009 European Triathlon Championships (42 females and 65 males) were determined with the use of a digital synchronized video analysis system. Five cameras were placed at various positions of the running circuit (4 laps of 2.42 km). Running speed and an index of running speed variability (IRSVrace) were subsequently calculated over each section or running split.Results:Mean running speed over the frst 1272 m of lap 1 was 0.76 km-h–1 (+4.4%) and 1.00 km-h–1 (+5.6%) faster than the mean running speed over the same section during the three last laps, for females and males, respectively (P < .001). A significant inverse correlation was observed between RSrace and IRSVrace for all triathletes (females r = -0.41, P = .009; males r = -0.65, P = .002; and whole population -0.76, P = .001). Females demonstrated higher IRSVrace compared with men (6.1 ± 0.5 km-h–1 and 4.0 ± 1.4 km-h–1, for females and males, respectively, P = .001) due to greater decrease in running speed over uphill sections.Conclusions:Pacing during the run appears to play a key role in high-level triathlon performance. Elite triathletes should reduce their initial running speed during international competitions, even if high levels of motivation and direct opponents lead them to adopt an aggressive strategy.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of both sex marathon runners ranked by IAAF

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Anselmo José Perez ◽  
Adilson Marques ◽  
Kamilla Bolonha Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Black Community ◽  
International Association ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
World Record ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
The World ◽  
World Records

Running a marathon has become the motivation to achieve success and economic independence for athletes, mainly from African countries. This feeling is more evident among the black community, considering that they have been presenting better results than white athletes. The objective of the study was to analyse the ranking of marathon runners around the world, in the last 15 years considering: 1) nationality; 2) best average time of the 100 best classified runners from the Top 100, Top 50, Top 25, Top 10 and Top 3. An analysis was made to the ranking available on the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) website, for the 100 best world results for both sexes, focusing on records from 2000 to 2014. The analysis was subdivided into ranking groups (Top 3, 10, 25, 50 and 100), resulting in 3000 records. African runners, Kenyan and Ethiopian, dominate the male ranking representing 70% of the total of runners in Top 100, keeping this proportion up to Top 3. African runners, Kenyan and Ethiopian, dominate the male ranking representing 70% of the total of runners in Top 100, keeping this proportion up to Top 3. The same is observed for females, however with a significantly lower percentage (34%), with Japanese, Ethiopian and Kenyan (17%) and an English athlete as the world record. The average time of a marathon has been decreasing in males more than in female competitions, both in Top 3 and Top 10, however still presenting a large gap from world records. 

Influence of the Cyclist’s Characteristics on the Optimal Pacing Strategy for an Ascending Road

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Angulo ◽  
Alejandra Polanco ◽  
Luis Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Power Delivery ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Road Grade ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Drag Area

Abstract Pacing strategies are used in cycling to optimize the power delivered by the cyclist during a race. Gains in race time have been obtained when using these strategies compared to self-paced approaches. For this reason, this study is focused on revising the effect that the variation of the cyclist’s parameters has on the pacing strategy and its results. A numeric method was used to propose pacing strategies for a cyclist riding on an ascending 3.7 km route with a constant 6.26% road grade. The method was validated and then implemented to study the effect of aerobic and anaerobic power delivery capacity, mass, and drag area on the pacing strategies and their corresponding estimated race times. The results showed that modifying 1% of the aerobic capacity or cyclist mass value led to a change of 1% on the race time. Modifying 1% the anaerobic capacity and the drag area led to changes of 0.03% and 0.02% on the race time, respectively. These results are strongly dependent on the route characteristics. It was concluded that for the studied route (constantly ascending), the variation of the cyclist’s aerobic capacity influences the pacing strategy (i.e., the power delivery over the distance). The anaerobic capacity and mass of the cyclist also influence the pacing strategy to a lesser extent.

Beating Yourself: How Do Runners Improve Their Own Records?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Foster ◽  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Christian Thiel ◽  
Bram Versteeg ◽  
Daniel A. Boullosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
World Records ◽  
Elite Runners

Background: Pacing studies suggest the distribution of effort for optimizing performance. Cross-sectional studies of 1-mile world records (WRs) suggest that WR progression includes a smaller coefficient of variation of velocity. Purpose: This study evaluates whether intraindividual pacing used by elite runners to break their own WR (1 mile, 5 km, and 10 km) is related to the evolution of pacing strategy. We provide supportive data from analysis in subelite runners. Methods: Men’s WR performances (with 400-m or 1-km splits) in 1 mile, 5 km, and 10 km were retrieved from the IAAF database (from 1924 to present). Data were analyzed relative to pacing pattern when a runner improved their own WR. Similar analyses are presented for 10-km performance in subelite runners before and after intensified training. Results: WR performance was improved in 1 mile (mean [SD]: 3:59.4 [11.2] to 3:57.2 [8.6]), 5 km (13:27 [0:33] to 13:21 [0:33]), and 10 km (28:35 [1:27] to 28:21 [1:21]). The average coefficient of variation did not change in the 1 mile (3.4% [1.8%] to 3.6% [1.6%]), 5 km (2.4% [0.9%] to 2.2% [0.8%]), or 10 km (1.4% [0.1%] to 1.5% [0.6%]) with improved WR. When velocity was normalized to the percentage mean velocity for each race, the pacing pattern was almost identical. Very similar patterns were observed in subelite runners in the 10 km. When time improved from 49:20 (5:30) to 45:56 (4:58), normalized velocity was similar, terminal RPE increased (8.4 [1.6] to 9.1 [0.8]), coefficient of variation was unchanged (4.4% [1.1%] to 4.8% [2.1%]), and VO2max increased (49.8 [7.4] to 55.3 [8.8] mL·min−1·kg−1). Conclusion: The results suggest that when runners break their own best performances, they employ the same pacing pattern, which is different from when WRs are improved in cross-sectional data.

Social influences on female athletic performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
World Record ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
World Records

The differences between male and female performance in athletic track events at which both compete are compared. It is found that the difference between male and female performance as measured by world records is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national track records for these same events shows considerable differences between different countries in average male/female differentials and the differences between males and females for some events in some countries is much smaller than world record differences.It is concluded that social factors such as differing degrees of encouragement and differing levels of expectation are important factors in limiting female athletic performance.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Second Runner on Pacing Strategy and RPE During a Running Time Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deryn Bath ◽  
Louise A. Turner ◽  
Andrew N. Bosch ◽  
Ross Tucker ◽  
Estelle V. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Subject Performance

Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine performance, pacing strategy and perception of effort during a 5 km time trial while running with or without the presence of another athlete.Methods:Eleven nonelite male athletes participated in five 5 km time trials: two self-paced, maximal effort trials performed at the start and end of the study, and three trials performed in the presence of a second runner. In the three trials, the second runner ran either in front of the subject, behind the subject, or next to the subject. Performance times, heart rate, RPE, and a subjective assessment of the effect of the second runner on the athlete’s performance were recorded during each of the trials.Results:There was no significant difference in performance times, heart rate or RPE between any of the five trials. Running speed declined from the 1st to the 4th kilometer and then increased for the last kilometer in all five trials. Following the completion of all trials, 9 of the 11 subjects perceived it to be easier to complete the 5 km time trial with another runner in comparison with running alone.Conclusions:While the athletes perceived their performance to be improved by the presence of another runner, their pacing strategy, running speed, heart rate and RPE were not significantly altered. These findings indicate that an athlete’s subconscious pacing strategy is robust and is not altered by the presence of another runner.

scholarly journals Pacing Profiles of Middle-Distance Running World Records in Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12589
Author(s):  
Arturo Casado ◽  
Fernando González-Mohíno ◽  
José María González-Ravé ◽  
Daniel Boullosa
Keyword(s):  
Distance Running ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
World Records

The aims of the current study were to compare the pacing patterns of all-time 800 m, 1500 m and mile running world records (WRs) and to determine whether differences exist between sexes, and if 800 m and 1500 m WRs were broken during championship or meet races. Overall and lap times for men and women’s 800 m, 1500 m, and mile WRs from World Athletics were collected when available and subsequently compared. A fast initial 200 m segment and a decrease in speed throughout was found during 800 m WRs. Accordingly, the first 200 m and 400 m were faster than the last 200 m and 400 m, respectively (p < 0.001, 0.77 ≤ ES ≤ 1.86). The first 400 m and 409 m for 1500 m and mile WRs, respectively, were faster than the second lap (p < 0.001, 0.74 ≤ ES ≤ 1.46). The third 400 m lap was slower than the last 300 m lap and 400 m lap for 1500 m and mile WRs, respectively (p < 0.001, 0.48 ≤ ES ≤ 1.09). No relevant sex-based differences in pacing strategy were found in any event. However, the first 409 m lap was faster than the last 400 m lap for men but not for women during mile WRs. Women achieved a greater % of WRs than men during championships (80% vs. 45.83% in the 800 m, and 63.63% vs. 31.58% in the 1500 m, respectively). In conclusion, positive, reverse J-shaped and U-shaped pacing profiles were used to break 800 m, men’s mile and 1500 m, and women’s mile WRs, respectively. WRs are more prone to be broken during championships by women than men.

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