scholarly journals Assessing the efficiency of eDNA metabarcoding for documenting patterns of metazoan communities in the Arctic.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Leduc ◽  
Louis Bernatchez ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Kimberly Howland ◽  
Antoine Dispas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aquatic Biodiversity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Austere Environment ◽  
Biodiversity Index ◽  
The Difference

Arctic biodiversity has been for a long time underestimated, situated in a region considered as an austere environment combined to the lack of knowledge. The analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA), a new method tracing DNA from macro-organisms, is changing the way we monitor aquatic biodiversity and has the potential to answer large-scale fundamental biodiversity questions in remote regions such as the Arctic. This study aims to evaluate the eDNA dispersal by contrasting the difference between eDNA metabarcoding and classical sampling methods of the alpha, beta and gamma biodiversity index across the Canadian Arctic latitudinal gradient. Water samples of 250mL were collected in 13 sites within three Arctic ports: Churchill, Iqaluit and Deception Bay. Our results showed a species richness of 422 marine invertebrates, while the number of species detected decreased with latitude with more than 100 less species in the northern port. Contrasting the alpha biodiversity index between eDNA metabarcoding and species spatial distribution may be used to evaluate the eDNA spatial dispersion, thus answering important questions related to the ecology of eDNA and improving the integration of this new molecular tool within applied sciences.

scholarly journals Assessing the efficiency of eDNA metabarcoding for documenting patterns of metazoan communities in the Arctic.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Leduc ◽  
Louis Bernatchez ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Kimberly Howland ◽  
Antoine Dispas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aquatic Biodiversity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Austere Environment ◽  
Biodiversity Index ◽  
The Difference

Arctic biodiversity has been for a long time underestimated, situated in a region considered as an austere environment combined to the lack of knowledge. The analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA), a new method tracing DNA from macro-organisms, is changing the way we monitor aquatic biodiversity and has the potential to answer large-scale fundamental biodiversity questions in remote regions such as the Arctic. This study aims to evaluate the eDNA dispersal by contrasting the difference between eDNA metabarcoding and classical sampling methods of the alpha, beta and gamma biodiversity index across the Canadian Arctic latitudinal gradient. Water samples of 250mL were collected in 13 sites within three Arctic ports: Churchill, Iqaluit and Deception Bay. Our results showed a species richness of 422 marine invertebrates, while the number of species detected decreased with latitude with more than 100 less species in the northern port. Contrasting the alpha biodiversity index between eDNA metabarcoding and species spatial distribution may be used to evaluate the eDNA spatial dispersion, thus answering important questions related to the ecology of eDNA and improving the integration of this new molecular tool within applied sciences.

scholarly journals Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics

Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucheng Wang ◽  
Mikkel Winther Pedersen ◽  
Inger Greve Alsos ◽  
Bianca De Sanctis ◽  
Fernando Racimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Arctic Biota ◽  
The Last Glacial

AbstractDuring the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood1–8. Here we report a large-scale environmental DNA metagenomic study of ancient plant and mammal communities, analysing 535 permafrost and lake sediment samples from across the Arctic spanning the past 50,000 years. Furthermore, we present 1,541 contemporary plant genome assemblies that were generated as reference sequences. Our study provides several insights into the long-term dynamics of the Arctic biota at the circumpolar and regional scales. Our key findings include: (1) a relatively homogeneous steppe–tundra flora dominated the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by regional divergence of vegetation during the Holocene epoch; (2) certain grazing animals consistently co-occurred in space and time; (3) humans appear to have been a minor factor in driving animal distributions; (4) higher effective precipitation, as well as an increase in the proportion of wetland plants, show negative effects on animal diversity; (5) the persistence of the steppe–tundra vegetation in northern Siberia enabled the late survival of several now-extinct megafauna species, including the woolly mammoth until 3.9 ± 0.2 thousand years ago (ka) and the woolly rhinoceros until 9.8 ± 0.2 ka; and (6) phylogenetic analysis of mammoth environmental DNA reveals a previously unsampled mitochondrial lineage. Our findings highlight the power of ancient environmental metagenomics analyses to advance understanding of population histories and long-term ecological dynamics.

E-Government Application Adaptation and Optimization Based on the Domestic Foundational Software

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 2167-2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Hua Li ◽  
You Xin Wu ◽  
Sheng Hua Xu ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Business Application ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Application Adaptation ◽  
And Function

Many crucial business application system established on information products abroad for a long time, especially foundation software abroad. How to guarantee the information security of our country become the outstanding problems. On the field of E-government, it is the urgent issues of adopting domestic foundational software to guarantee government information security. But the development of our domestic foundation software appears late. It shows the problems of instability, interface unfriendliness, weak compatibility and poor performance partly on the application of E-government, Domestic foundational software should increase the functions of usability, reliability, security, suitability and globality. This paper explores transplantation, adaptation and optimization of domestic foundational software which was faced by E-government system. It provides the difference of technical demand and experience summary between the environment of domestic foundational software and foundational software abroad in order to enhance the application level of E-government on domestic foundational software environment. At the same time, it explores the technology optimization and function maturation which are needed to do on the field of E-government application area which was faced by domestic foundational software. It aims at increasing technical level and technical maturity of domestic foundational software in order to provide beneficial advices for domestic foundational software of large-scale applications and industrial development in E-government field.

scholarly journals The Himalayan Uplift and the Evolution of Aquatic Biodiversity Across Asia: Snowtrout (Cyprininae: Schizothorax) as a Test Case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binod Regmi ◽  
Marlis R. Douglas ◽  
David R. Edds ◽  
Karma Wangchuk ◽  
Chang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Tectonic Event ◽  
Aquatic Biodiversity ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Do So

The Himalayan uplift, a tectonic event of global importance, seemingly disseminated aquatic biodiversity broadly across Asia. But surprisingly, this hypothesis has yet to be tested. We do so herein by sequencing 1,140 base-pair of mtDNA cytochrome-b for 72 tetraploid Nepalese/Bhutanese Snowtrout (Schizothorax spp.), combining those data with 67 GENBANK® sequences (59 ingroup/8 outgroup), then reconstructing phylogenetic relationships using maximum likelihood/ Bayesian analyses. Results indicate Snowtrout originated in Central Asia, dispersed across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), then into Bhutan via south-flowing tributaries of the east-flowing Yarlung-Tsangpo River (YLTR). The headwaters of five large Asian rivers provided dispersal corridors into southeast Asia. South of the Himalaya, the YLTR transitions into a westward-flowing Brahmaputra River that facilitated successive colonization of Himalayan drainages: First Bhutan, then Nepal, followed by far-western drainages subsequently captured by the Indus River. We found greater species-divergences across rather than within-basins, implicating vicariant evolution as a driver. The Himalaya is a component of the “third-pole” [Earth’s largest (but rapidly shrinking) glacial reservoir outside the Arctic/Antarctic]. Its unique aquatic biodiversity must not only be recognized (as herein) but also conserved through broad, trans-national collaborations. Our results effectively contrast phylogeography with taxonomy as a necessary first step in this process.The Himalaya is the most extensive and recently evolved mountain system on Earth (length=2400km; width=240km; elevation=75-8800m), with a global significance underscored by its large-scale lithospheric, cryospheric, and atmospheric interactions [1]. These have not only driven global climate, but also defined the cultural and biological endemism of the region [2]. Massive, tectonically derived mountain chains such as the Alps and the Himalaya are hypothesized as being fundamental to the formation of global biodiversity gradients via vicariance and local adaptation, with a significantly stronger signal in terrestrial rather than aquatic systems [3]. Here we test how orogeny (the deformation and folding of Earth’s crust by lateral compression) has contributed to the diversification of freshwater fishes broadly across Asia. We do so by evaluating the phylogeography of an endemic high-elevation fish, the Snowtrout (Schizothorax: Cyprinidae).

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

TO THE QUESTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TORTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
ASTEMIR ZHURTOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Russian Federation

Cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as humiliate the dignity, are prohibited in most countries of the world, and Russia is no exception in this issue. The article presents an analysis of the institution of responsibility for torture in the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that the current criminal law of Russia superficially and fragmentally regulates liability for torture, in connection with which the author formulated the proposals to define such act as an independent crime. In the frame of modern globalization, the world community pays special attention to the protection of human rights, in connection with which large-scale international standards have been created a long time ago. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international acts enshrine prohibitions of cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as degrade the dignity.Considering the historical experience of the past, these standards focus on the prohibition of any kind of torture, regardless of the purpose of their implementation.

TO THE PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ANTI-CORRUPTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author reflects the existing problems of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation. He focuses on the opacity of the work of state bodies, leading to an increase in bribery and corruption. The topic we have chosen is socially exciting in our days, since its significance is growing on a large scale at all levels of the investigated aspect of our modern life. Democratic institutions are being jeopardized, the difference in the position of social strata of society in society’s access to material goods is growing, and the state of society is suffering from the moral point of view, citizens are losing confidence in the government, and in the top officials of the state.

Psychology: Volume 5

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Western World ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Indian Setting ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume Five of this survey, Explorations into Psyche and Psychology: Some Emerging Perspectives, examines the future of psychology in India. For a very long time, intellectual investments in understanding mental life have led to varied formulations about mind and its functions across the word. However, a critical reflection of the state of the disciplinary affairs indicates the dominance of Euro-American theories and methods, which offer an understanding coloured by a Western world view, which fails to do justice with many non-Western cultural settings. The chapters in this volume expand the scope of psychology to encompass indigenous knowledge available in the Indian tradition and invite engaging with emancipatory concerns as well as broadening the disciplinary base. The contributors situate the difference between the Eastern and Western conceptions of the mind in the practice of psychology. They look at this discipline as shaped by and shaping between systems like yoga. They also analyse animal behaviour through the lens of psychology and bring out insights about evolution of individual and social behaviour. This volume offers critique the contemporary psychological practices in India and offers a new perspective called ‘public psychology’ to construe and analyse the relationship between psychologists and their objects of study. Finally, some paradigmatic, pedagogical, and substantive issues are highlighted to restructure the practice of psychology in the Indian setting.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Changes of Net Ecosystem Production in Hindu Kush Himalayan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Da Guo ◽  
Xiaoning Song ◽  
Ronghai Hu ◽  
Xinming Zhu ◽  
Yazhen Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Geostatistical Model ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Difference

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is one of the most ecologically vulnerable regions in the world. Several studies have been conducted on the dynamic changes of grassland in the HKH region, but few have considered grassland net ecosystem productivity (NEP). In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of NEP magnitude and the influence of climate factors on the HKH region from 2001 to 2018. The NEP magnitude was obtained by calculating the difference between the net primary production (NPP) estimated by the Carnegie–Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model and the heterotrophic respiration (Rh) estimated by the geostatistical model. The results showed that the grassland ecosystem in the HKH region exhibited weak net carbon uptake with NEP values of 42.03 gC∙m−2∙yr−1, and the total net carbon sequestration was 0.077 Pg C. The distribution of NEP gradually increased from west to east, and in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, it gradually increased from northwest to southeast. The grassland carbon sources and sinks differed at different altitudes. The grassland was a carbon sink at 3000–5000 m, while grasslands below 3000 m and above 5000 m were carbon sources. Grassland NEP exhibited the strongest correlation with precipitation, and it had a lagging effect on precipitation. The correlation between NEP and the precipitation of the previous year was stronger than that of the current year. NEP was negatively correlated with temperature but not with solar radiation. The study of the temporal and spatial dynamics of NEP in the HKH region can provide a theoretical basis to help herders balance grazing and forage.

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