scholarly journals Retarded swarming motility in Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PRD-10

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Nutritional Stress ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Solid Media

Coping with nutritional stress is essential for cell survival, of which many strategies at the cellular level lend support for ensuring the survival of the population at a particular habitat. One postulated mechanism is swarming motility in bacterial cells, where, upon depletion of nutrients at a locale, cells would coordinate their movement, synthesize more flagella, and secrete lubricants for moving rapidly across surfaces in search for food. Known to engage in swarming motility, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two common bacterial species with versatile metabolism that use the motility mode to colonize new habitats with more favourable environmental and nutritional conditions. However, experimental observations of bacteria growth on a variety of agar media revealed that B. subtilis NRS-762 (ATCC 8473) and P. aeruginosa PRD-10 (ATCC 15442) exhibited retarded swarming motility upon entry into stationary phase on solid media. Specifically, B. subtilis NRS-762 colonies exhibited round, wrinkled morphologies compared to complex filamented swarming patterns common in strains able to engage in swarming motility. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa PRD-10 colonies were round, mucoid, and expanded outwards from the colony centre without extending filaments from the centre; thereby, indicating retarded swarming motility. Thus, impaired cellular machinery for swarming motility or mutated and deleted genes likely account for observed retarded swarming motility in B. subtilis NRS-762 and P. aeruginosa PRD-10. More importantly, observations of small filaments extending radially from an expanded colony of P. aeruginosa PRD-10 grown on minimal salts medium supplemented with yeast extract highlighted possible loss of function of effector molecules that transmit cellular decision at swarming motility into movement, while sensory mechanisms feeding into the motility mechanism remained intact. More broadly, observations of impaired swarming motility in B. subtilis NRS-762 and P. aeruginosa PRD-10 in two species otherwise endowed with the motility mode highlighted that additional triggers for swarming motility are likely present, and the motility mode may have been evolutionary selected for other functions in addition to foraging for food in times of nutritional stress.

scholarly journals Retarded swarming motility in Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PRD-10

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Nutritional Stress ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Solid Media

Coping with nutritional stress is essential for cell survival, of which many strategies at the cellular level lend support for ensuring the survival of the population at a particular habitat. One postulated mechanism is swarming motility in bacterial cells, where, upon depletion of nutrients at a locale, cells would coordinate their movement, synthesize more flagella, and secrete lubricants for moving rapidly across surfaces in search for food. Known to engage in swarming motility, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two common bacterial species with versatile metabolism that use the motility mode to colonize new habitats with more favourable environmental and nutritional conditions. However, experimental observations of bacteria growth on a variety of agar media revealed that B. subtilis NRS-762 (ATCC 8473) and P. aeruginosa PRD-10 (ATCC 15442) exhibited retarded swarming motility upon entry into stationary phase on solid media. Specifically, B. subtilis NRS-762 colonies exhibited round, wrinkled morphologies compared to complex filamented swarming patterns common in strains able to engage in swarming motility. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa PRD-10 colonies were round, mucoid, and expanded outwards from the colony centre without extending filaments from the centre; thereby, indicating retarded swarming motility. Thus, impaired cellular machinery for swarming motility or mutated and deleted genes likely account for observed retarded swarming motility in B. subtilis NRS-762 and P. aeruginosa PRD-10. More importantly, observations of small filaments extending radially from an expanded colony of P. aeruginosa PRD-10 grown on minimal salts medium supplemented with yeast extract highlighted possible loss of function of effector molecules that transmit cellular decision at swarming motility into movement, while sensory mechanisms feeding into the motility mechanism remained intact. More broadly, observations of impaired swarming motility in B. subtilis NRS-762 and P. aeruginosa PRD-10 in two species otherwise endowed with the motility mode highlighted that additional triggers for swarming motility are likely present, and the motility mode may have been evolutionary selected for other functions in addition to foraging for food in times of nutritional stress.

scholarly journals Heat-shock proteases promote survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during growth arrest

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 4358-4367 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Basta ◽  
David Angeles-Albores ◽  
Melanie A. Spero ◽  
John A. Ciemniecki ◽  
Dianne K. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Protein Aggregation ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Encoding Genes

When nutrients in their environment are exhausted, bacterial cells become arrested for growth. During these periods, a primary challenge is maintaining cellular integrity with a reduced capacity for renewal or repair. Here, we show that the heat-shock protease FtsH is generally required for growth arrest survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and that this requirement is independent of a role in regulating lipopolysaccharide synthesis, as has been suggested for Escherichia coli. We find that ftsH interacts with diverse genes during growth and overlaps functionally with the other heat-shock protease-encoding genes hslVU, lon, and clpXP to promote survival during growth arrest. Systematic deletion of the heat-shock protease-encoding genes reveals that the proteases function hierarchically during growth arrest, with FtsH and ClpXP having primary, nonredundant roles, and HslVU and Lon deploying a secondary response to aging stress. This hierarchy is partially conserved during growth at high temperature and alkaline pH, suggesting that heat, pH, and growth arrest effectively impose a similar type of proteostatic stress at the cellular level. In support of this inference, heat and growth arrest act synergistically to kill cells, and protein aggregation appears to occur more rapidly in protease mutants during growth arrest and correlates with the onset of cell death. Our findings suggest that protein aggregation is a major driver of aging and cell death during growth arrest, and that coordinated activity of the heat-shock response is required to ensure ongoing protein quality control in the absence of growth.

scholarly journals Surface-Associated Flagellum Formation and Swarming Differentiation in Bacillus subtilis Are Controlled by the ifm Locus

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Senesi ◽  
Emilia Ghelardi ◽  
Francesco Celandroni ◽  
Sara Salvetti ◽  
Eva Parisio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Flagellin Gene ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Solid Substrates

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the highly regulated processes governing the production of flagella in Bacillus subtilis is the result of several observations obtained from growing this microorganism in liquid cultures. No information is available regarding the regulation of flagellar formation in B. subtilis in response to contact with a solid surface. One of the best-characterized responses of flagellated eubacteria to surfaces is swarming motility, a coordinate cell differentiation process that allows collective movement of bacteria over solid substrates. This study describes the swarming ability of a B. subtilis hypermotile mutant harboring a mutation in the ifm locus that has long been known to affect the degree of flagellation and motility in liquid media. On solid media, the mutant produces elongated and hyperflagellated cells displaying a 10-fold increase in extracellular flagellin. In contrast to the mutant, the parental strain, as well as other laboratory strains carrying a wild-type ifm locus, fails to activate a swarm response. Furthermore, it stops to produce flagella when transferred from liquid to solid medium. Evidence is provided that the absence of flagella is due to the lack of flagellin gene expression. However, restoration of flagellin synthesis in cells overexpressing σD or carrying a deletion of flgM does not recover the ability to assemble flagella. Thus, the ifm gene plays a determinantal role in the ability of B. subtilis to contact with solid surfaces.

Inactivation and Ultrastructure Analysis ofBacillus spp. andClostridium perfringensSpores

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Brantner ◽  
Ryan M. Hannah ◽  
James P. Burans ◽  
Robert K. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Endospores ◽  
Time Required

AbstractBacterial endospores are resistant to many environmental factors from temperature extremes to ultraviolet irradiation and are generally more difficult to inactivate or kill than vegetative bacterial cells. It is often considered necessary to treat spores or samples containing spores with chemical fixative solutions for prolonged periods of time (e.g., 1–21 days) to achieve fixation/inactivation to enable electron microscopy (EM) examination outside of containment laboratories. Prolonged exposure to chemical fixatives, however, can alter the ultrastructure of spores for EM analyses. This study was undertaken to determine the minimum amount of time required to inactivate/sterilize and fix spore preparations from several bacterial species using a universal fixative solution for EM that maintains the ultrastructural integrity of the spores. We show that a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde with 1% glutaraldehyde inactivated spore preparations ofBacillus anthracis,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus megaterium,Bacillus thuringiensis, andClostridium perfringensin 30 min, andBacillus subtilisin 240 min. These results suggest that this fixative solution can be used to inactivate and fix spores from several major groups of bacterial spore formers after 240 min, enabling the fixed preparations to be removed from biocontainment and safely analyzed by EM outside of biocontainment.

scholarly journals Truncation in the core oligosaccharide of lipopolysaccharide affects flagella-mediated motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 via modulation of cell surface attachment

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (10) ◽  
pp. 3449-3460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Lindhout ◽  
Peter C. Y. Lau ◽  
Dyanne Brewer ◽  
Joseph S. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Core Oligosaccharide ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Surface Attachment ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Isogenic Mutants

In many Gram-negative bacterial species, rough strains producing truncated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) generally exhibit defects in motility compared with smooth strains. However, the role that LPS plays in bacterial motility is not well understood. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between LPS defects and motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa wild-type strain PAO1 and three isogenic mutants with defects in the rmlC, migA and wapR genes and producing truncated core oligosaccharide were investigated in terms of motility, attachment to glass and flagella expression. Compared with the wild-type, the three mutants showed significant retardation in both swarming motility on 0.5 % soft-agar plates and swimming motility on 0.3 % soft-agar plates. Moreover, attachment to abiotic surfaces was observed to be stronger in these mutants. The assembly of flagella appeared to be intact in these strains and the ability of individual cells to swim was unaffected. Flagellin proteins prepared from mutants rmlC and rmd, defective in the production of TDP-l-rhamnose and GDP-d-rhamnose, respectively, were compared and a change in molecular mass was observed only in the rmlC mutant. These data indicated that l-rhamnose, and not its enantiomer, d-rhamnose, is incorporated into the flagellin glycan of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The nucleotide-activated sugar precursor TDP-l-rhamnose is therefore shared between LPS biosynthesis and flagellin glycosylation in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our results suggest that although biochemical precursors are shared by LPS and flagellin glycan biosynthesis, LPS truncations probably alter flagella-mediated motility in P. aeruginosa by modulating cell-surface attachment but not flagella synthesis.

scholarly journals Isolation and Screening of Water Microbes for Decolourisation of Textile Dye Waste

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-300
Author(s):  
J. K Singh ◽  
R Ranjan ◽  
Pranay Pankaj
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Textile Dye ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Pre Treatment

Azo dyes are widely used in textile industry. Unused dyes, consisting mainly non biodegradable released along with waste water streams without any proper pre-treatment which cause nuisance for environment and accumulate in flora as well as fauna. These also exhibit allergic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties for human beings. Isolation and screening of azo dye degrading bacteria are economic in biodegradation and detoxification. In the present study, 200 waste water samples were collected from dye-contaminated sites of textile industries and bacterial species such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Psuedomonas putida were isolated and identified. Evaluation of decolorizing properties of these bacteriae were done by UV-Vis spectroscopy (Amax 596 nm) in different concentrations using different carbon sources such as Hans’s medium and GYP medium. Maximum decolourisation of 0.1% azo dyes were recorded to be 89.0%, 91% and 86% in Hans medium containing charcoal source by Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Psuedomonas putida respectively at 24 hrs. These bacterial isolates may be utilized in large scale for pre-treatment for ecological balance by avoiding water pollution.

scholarly journals Fungal mycelia and bacterial thiamine establish a mutualistic growth mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. e202000878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayan Abeysinghe ◽  
Momoka Kuchira ◽  
Gamon Kudo ◽  
Shunsuke Masuo ◽  
Akihiro Ninomiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Metabolic Interactions ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
Fungal Colony ◽  
Fungal Mycelia

Exclusivity in physical spaces and nutrients is a prerequisite for survival of organisms, but a few species have been able to develop mutually beneficial strategies that allow them to co-habit. Here, we discovered a mutualistic mechanism between filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, and bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. The bacterial cells co-cultured with the fungus traveled along mycelia using their flagella and dispersed farther with the expansion of fungal colony, indicating that the fungal mycelia supply space for bacteria to migrate, disperse, and proliferate. Transcriptomic, genetic, molecular mass, and imaging analyses demonstrated that the bacteria reached the mycelial edge and supplied thiamine to the growing hyphae, which led to a promotion of hyphal growth. The thiamine transfer from bacteria to the thiamine non-auxotrophic fungus was directly demonstrated by stable isotope labeling. The simultaneous spatial and metabolic interactions demonstrated in this study reveal a mutualism that facilitates the communicating fungal and bacterial species to obtain an environmental niche and nutrient, respectively.

scholarly journals Assessment of anti bacterial screening of Pongamia pinnata stem against bacterial species: An In-vitro approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-s) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Adithya Gadeela Manish ◽  
Nerella Mounika ◽  
Bakshi Vasudha ◽  
Boggula Narender
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Agar Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Technique

Numerous studies have shown that aromatic and medicinal plants are sources of diverse nutrient and non-nutrient molecules which protect the human body against various pathogens. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and a large number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Herbal medicine is the oldest known healthcare system known to mankind. India has rich medicinal plants of nearly 7500 species. Many medicinal plants were with a long history of use in folk medicine against a variety of diseases. Recently, many researchers have taken a great interest on medicinal plants for their phytochemical constituents and biological activities including anti microbial activity. The anti bacterial activity of the ethanolic crude stem extract of Pongamia pinnata against four bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) was investigated, using agar diffusion technique. At concentrations ranging from 10-40 mg/mL, the ethanolic crude extract showed activity against the four bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli) from 2 mm-20 mm, after 24 hours incubation. The present study showed the effectiveness of the crude plant extract against the tested bacterial strains and indicates the potential use of the extract as anti bacterial agent for the control of infectious diseases. Keywords:  Pongamia pinnata, anti bacterial activity, agar diffusion technique, bacterial strains, chloramphenicol.

scholarly journals PilZ Domain Protein FlgZ Mediates Cyclic Di-GMP-Dependent Swarming Motility Control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 (13) ◽  
pp. 1837-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Baker ◽  
Andreas Diepold ◽  
Sherry L. Kuchma ◽  
Jessie E. Scott ◽  
Dae Gon Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACTThe second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is an important regulator of motility in many bacterial species. InPseudomonas aeruginosa, elevated levels of c-di-GMP promote biofilm formation and repress flagellum-driven swarming motility. The rotation ofP. aeruginosa's polar flagellum is controlled by two distinct stator complexes, MotAB, which cannot support swarming motility, and MotCD, which promotes swarming motility. Here we show that when c-di-GMP levels are elevated, swarming motility is repressed by the PilZ domain-containing protein FlgZ and by Pel polysaccharide production. We demonstrate that FlgZ interacts specifically with the motility-promoting stator protein MotC in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner and that a functional green fluorescent protein (GFP)-FlgZ fusion protein shows significantly reduced polar localization in a strain lacking the MotCD stator. Our results establish FlgZ as a c-di-GMP receptor affecting swarming motility byP. aeruginosaand support a model wherein c-di-GMP-bound FlgZ impedes motility via its interaction with the MotCD stator.IMPORTANCEThe regulation of surface-associated motility plays an important role in bacterial surface colonization and biofilm formation. c-di-GMP signaling is a widespread means of controlling bacterial motility, and yet the mechanism whereby this signal controls surface-associated motility inP. aeruginosaremains poorly understood. Here we identify a PilZ domain-containing c-di-GMP effector protein that contributes to c-di-GMP-mediated repression of swarming motility byP. aeruginosa. We provide evidence that this effector, FlgZ, impacts swarming motility via its interactions with flagellar stator protein MotC. Thus, we propose a new mechanism for c-di-GMP-mediated regulation of motility for a bacterium with two flagellar stator sets, increasing our understanding of surface-associated behaviors, a key prerequisite to identifying ways to control the formation of biofilm communities.

scholarly journals Fungal mycelia and bacterial thiamine establish a mutualistic growth mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayan Abeysinghe ◽  
Momoka Kuchira ◽  
Gamon Kudo ◽  
Shunsuke Masuo ◽  
Akihiro Ninomiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Metabolic Interactions ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
Fungal Colony ◽  
Fungal Mycelia

AbstractPhysical spaces and nutrients are prerequisites to the survival of organisms while few interspecies mutual strategies are documented that satisfies them. Here we discovered a mutualistic mechanism between filamentous fungus and bacterium, Aspergillus nidulans and Bacillus subtilis. The bacterial cells co-cultured with the fungus traveled along mycelia depending on their flagella and dispersed farther with the expansion of fungal colony, indicating that the fungal mycelia supply space for bacteria to migrate, disperse and proliferate. Transcriptomic, genetic, molecular mass and imaging analyses demonstrated that the bacteria reach the mycelial edge and supply thiamine to the growing hyphae, resulting in a promotion of hyphal growth. The thiamine transfer from bacteria to the thiamine non-auxotrophic fungus is directly demonstrated by stable isotope labeling. The simultaneous spatial and metabolic interactions demonstrated in this study, reveal a mutualism that facilitates the communicating fungal and bacterial species to obtain environmental niche and nutrient respectively.

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