scholarly journals The relative roles of politics and science: William Bateson, black slavery, eugenics and speciation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R Forsdyke
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
General Public ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Politics And Science ◽  
William Bateson ◽  
Biological Character ◽  
And Training

William Bateson’s background and training suggest sympathy with the black emancipation movement. Yet the movement’s success is attributed more to battles between political figures, than between scientists with contending views on the biology of racial differences. Perhaps, in the long term, Bateson’s contributions to slavery andeugenic issues will be seen as no less important than those of politicians. Mendel’sdiscovery of what we now know as “genes” languished until seized upon by Bateson in 1900. For six exhausting years he struggled to win scientific acceptance of these biological character-determining units. Later, he pressed the Mendelian message home to the general public, opposing simplistic applications of Mendelian principles to human affairs, and arguing that minor genic differences that distinguished races – e.g. skin colour – can seldom initiate new species. Indeed, the spark that initiates a divergence into two species can be non-genic. We are one reproductively isolated population, the human species.

scholarly journals The relative roles of politics and science: William Bateson, black slavery, eugenics and speciation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R Forsdyke
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
General Public ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Politics And Science ◽  
William Bateson ◽  
Biological Character ◽  
And Training

William Bateson’s background and training suggest sympathy with the black emancipation movement. Yet the movement’s success is attributed more to battles between political figures, than between scientists with contending views on the biology of racial differences. Perhaps, in the long term, Bateson’s contributions to slavery andeugenic issues will be seen as no less important than those of politicians. Mendel’sdiscovery of what we now know as “genes” languished until seized upon by Bateson in 1900. For six exhausting years he struggled to win scientific acceptance of these biological character-determining units. Later, he pressed the Mendelian message home to the general public, opposing simplistic applications of Mendelian principles to human affairs, and arguing that minor genic differences that distinguished races – e.g. skin colour – can seldom initiate new species. Indeed, the spark that initiates a divergence into two species can be non-genic. We are one reproductively isolated population, the human species.

Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases extinction risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frankham ◽  
Jonathan D. Ballou ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Michele R. Dudash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Population Fragmentation ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Limited Gene Flow

Most species now have fragmented distributions, often with adverse genetic consequences. The genetic impacts of population fragmentation depend critically upon gene flow among fragments and their effective sizes. Fragmentation with cessation of gene flow is highly harmful in the long term, leading to greater inbreeding, increased loss of genetic diversity, decreased likelihood of evolutionary adaptation and elevated extinction risk, when compared to a single population of the same total size. The consequences of fragmentation with limited gene flow typically lie between those for a large population with random mating and isolated population fragments with no gene flow.

scholarly journals Getting the Most From Surveys: How Method Selection and Method Modification Impact Butterfly Survey Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C Kral-O’Brien ◽  
Adrienne K Antonsen ◽  
Torre J Hovick ◽  
Ryan F Limb ◽  
Jason P Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Species ◽  
Count Data ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Method Selection ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Abstract Many methods are used to survey butterfly populations, with line transect and area surveys being prominent. Observers are typically limited to search within 5 or 10 m from the line, while observers are unrestricted in larger specified search regions in area surveys. Although methods differ slightly, the selection is often based on producing defendable data for conservation, maximizing data quality, and minimizing effort. To guide method selection, we compared butterfly surveys using 1) line versus area methods and 2) varying width transects (5 m, 10 m, or unrestricted) using count data from surveys in North Dakota from 2015 to 2018. Between line and area surveys, we detected more individuals with area surveys, even when accounting for effort. However, both methods accumulated new species at similar rates. When comparing transect methodology, we detected nearly 60% more individuals and nine more species when transect width increased from 5 m to unrestricted, despite similar effort across methodology. Overall, we found line surveys slightly less efficient at detecting individuals, but they collected similar species richness to area surveys when accounting for effort. Additionally, line surveys allow the use of unrestricted-width transects with distance sampling procedures, which were more effective at detecting species and individuals while providing a means to correct count data over the same transect length. Methods that reduce effort and accurately depict communities are especially important for conservation when long-term datasets are unavailable.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Chronic Pain

Pain Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E Morales ◽  
R Jason Yong
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile

Abstract Objective To summarize the current literature on disparities in the treatment of chronic pain. Methods We focused on studies conducted in the United States and published from 2000 and onward. Studies of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional designs were included. Results A review of the current literature revealed that an adverse association between non-White race and treatment of chronic pain is well supported. Studies have also shown that racial differences exist in the long-term monitoring for opioid misuse among patients suffering from chronic pain. In addition, a patient’s sociodemographic profile appears to influence the relationship between chronic pain and quality of life. Results from interventional studies were mixed. Conclusions Disparities exist within the treatment of chronic pain. Currently, it is unclear how to best combat these disparities. Further work is needed to understand why disparities exist and to identify points in patients’ treatment when they are most vulnerable to unequal care. Such work will help guide the development and implementation of effective interventions.

scholarly journals Examination of the Educational Needs of Home Visit Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2319
Author(s):  
Kyuri Lee ◽  
Dukyoo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Home Visit ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Long Term Care Insurance ◽  
And Training

This study aimed to identify educational needs and determine priorities in nursing care for home visit nurses providing services within the national long-term care insurance system in South Korea. This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed the educational needs of 92 home visit nurses. Participants’ characteristics were analyzed using percentages, averages, and standard deviations. Educational needs were calculated for participants’ current and required competency levels, utilizing the paired t-test, Borich’s educational needs formula, and the locus for focus model. Four main categories were identified as top priorities: (1) health assessment, (2) cognitive function care, (3) disease management, and (4) medication management. The study’s findings could support the development of appropriate and responsive education and training programs for home-visit nurses—as it reflects the actual needs of this group.

Racial differences in long-term outcomes among black and white patients with drug-eluting stents

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Lonnie T. Sullivan ◽  
Hillary Mulder ◽  
Karen Chiswell ◽  
Linda K. Shaw ◽  
Tracy Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Drug Eluting Stents ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Drug Eluting ◽  
White Patients

scholarly journals The Influence of Race and Gender on Staff-Resident Interactions in Nursing Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 185-185
Author(s):  
Rachel McPherson ◽  
Barbara Resnick ◽  
Elizabeth Galik
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Communication and interactions are an integral part of care in long-term care settings. Resident variables, such as race and gender, shape communication and interaction between staff and residents. The Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) was developed to measure the quality of verbal and nonverbal interactions among nursing staff and older adults initially for those in acute care and later used as well in a variety of long term care settings. A quantified measurement of the quality of interactions between residents and staff was created to quantify the QuIS. The purpose of this study was to describe the gender and racial differences in scored quality of interactions. Data for the present study was based on baseline data from the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD) implementation study. A total of 535 residents from 55 settings were included in the analyses. An analysis of covariance was conducted to determine a difference in QuIS scores between males and females while controlling for age. The second model tested for differences in QuIS scores between blacks and whites while controlling for age and gender. There was not a statistically significant difference in QuIS scores between male and female residents. There was a significant difference in QuIS scores between those who were black versus white, such that those who were black received more positive interactions from staff than those who were white. Future work should focus on a deeper examination of resident factors and staff factors that may influence these interactions.

The Productivity of Unemployment and the Temporality of Employment-to-Come: Older Disadvantaged Job Seekers

2021 ◽  
pp. 136078042110095
Author(s):  
Jessica Gerrard ◽  
Juliet Watson
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Voluntary Work ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Training

This article demonstrates how unemployment is made productive through workfare activities for older disadvantaged job seekers. We suggest that the requirement to look for work, engage in education and training, and participate in voluntary work blurs the boundaries between employment and unemployment. Drawing on in-depth qualitative research with older disadvantaged job seekers, we demonstrate how this obligatory productivity is lived and felt, characterised by shame and frustration and framed by the temporality of waiting and searching for work. We suggest that this experience of ‘productive’ unemployment can be described as a dissonant state of ‘transitional stasis’, whereby job seekers are expected to transition out of unemployment and poverty while experiencing the long-term and ongoing effects of immobility.

Dropouts and Aftereffects: Examining General Accessibility to Virtual Environment Technology

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (26) ◽  
pp. 2114-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay M. Stanney ◽  
Kelly S. Kingdon ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
General Public ◽  
Dropout Rates ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
Oculomotor Disturbances ◽  
A Minor

Are current virtual environments (VEs) usable by the broad spectrum of people who may wish to utilize this technology? The current study, which examined over 1000 participants, indicates the answer to this question is a definitive ‘no’. Virtual environment exposure was found to cause people to vomit (1.1%), experience nausea (71%), disorientation (70%), and oculomotor disturbances (79%). Overall, 88% of participants reported some level of adverse symptomatology, ranging from a minor headache to vomiting and intense vertigo. These disturbances led 12% of those exposed to prematurely cease their interaction. Dropout rates as high as nearly 50% were found in exposures of 1 hr in length. In addition, long-term aftereffects were found, including headaches, drowsiness, nausea, and fatigue. These problems could substantially reduce the accessibility of VE technology by the general public and thus must be resolved if this technology is to be widely adopted.

Can We Measure Growth?

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda D Voss
Keyword(s):  
Height Velocity ◽  
Tall Stature ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Short Children ◽  
Abnormal Pattern ◽  
And Training ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Sufficient Precision ◽  
Fair Degree

Poor installation and maintenance of height measuring equipment is a serious problem in the community. With care, however, height can be measured with sufficient precision (± 0.5 cm) to identify unusually short or tall stature. Height velocity, on the other hand, is liable to misinterpretation. It cannot be estimated with sufficient precision to identify abnormal growth in the short term. There is no correlation between two successive 12 month velocities. When a trend towards poor velocity is beyond all doubt then it will be apparent on the height chart alone. In addition, “poor” or “excessive” growth is conditional on the height of the child: short children do not grow at the same rate as tall. A diagnosis of abnormal growth requires long term monitoring and is best seen as a series of height measurements crossing the centiles on the height chart. Given the correct equipment and training, height or length can be measured with a fair degree of precision in the youngest of children. The earlier measurements begin, the sooner an abnormal pattern of growth will become evident. The regular monitoring of height should be standard practice and available to each and every child.

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