Tetracycline resistance in enterococci and Escherichia coli isolated from fresh produce and why it matters

The contamination of fresh produce with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is of particular concern as they are often eaten raw and can be a source for foodborne diseases. Tetracyclines have been largely used in humans, animals and plants which might have accelerated microbial resistance to them. Enterococci and Escherichia coli can be used as indicators to monitor contamination of the fresh produce with tetracycline-resistant bacteria. The investigation related to this issue is very scarce in Oman. This study aimed at identifying tetracycline-resistant enterococci and E. coli in fresh produce at the market place. Thirty-one enterococci and ten E. coli were isolated from local (Oman) and imported fruits and vegetables (N= 105). Using the standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, resistance to tetracycline was found in 6 (19 %) enterococci, isolated from cucumber, lettuce and radish, and 5 (50 %) E. coli, obtained from cabbage, lettuce and radish. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of tetracycline resistance genes, tet(A) and tet(K), in E. coli and tet(K), tet(L) and tet(M) in enterococci, including Enterococcus sulfureus, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus casseli avus and Enterococcus faecalis. The integron integrase IntI 1 gene, which is known to facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria, was detected in 2 isolates of E. coli. These results demonstrated the capability of fresh produce to act as a potential source for disseminating tetracycline or possibly other antibiotic-resistant bacteria through the food chain. Thus, control strategies are needed to reduce exposure of the public to such microorganisms.

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Antimicrobial-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli in Raw Cow's Milk

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-250 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 72-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

ALENA SKOČKOVÁ ◽

KATEŘINA BOGDANOVIČOVÁ ◽

IVANA KOLÁČKOVÁ ◽

RENÁTA KARPÍŠKOVÁ

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Raw Cow’S Milk

The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was the monitoring of resistant Escherichia coli in raw cow's milk with a focus on the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing strains. In total, 263 samples of raw milk from 40 farms were collected and investigated in 2010 to 2013 in the Czech Republic. Detection of E. coli was performed and evaluated according to ISO 16649-2, and antibiotic resistance was screened by the disk diffusion method. The presence of E. coli was detected in 243 (92.4%) samples. In total, 270 isolates were obtained. Resistance to β-lactam (31.8%) and tetracycline (13.0%) antibiotics was detected most often and also multiresistant strains (5.5%) were observed. E. coli isolates found to be resistant to β-lactam, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics were assayed by PCR to detect selected genes encoding those resistance mechanisms. In isolates in which any bla genes were detected, a double-disk synergy test was performed. ESBL production was confirmed in 2 (0.7%) isolates. The genetic analysis identified the presence of the blaCTX-M gene and other resistance genes (tet(B) and qnrB). Both ESBL-positive isolates originated from the same farm and had an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile. The findings of our study indicate that milk can be a reservoir of bacteria carrying resistance genes with a potential for spreading through the food chain.

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The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Escherichia coli, in municipal wastewater and river water

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201910000061 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 00061 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adriana Osińska ◽

Ewa Korzeniewska ◽

Monika Harnisz ◽

Sebastian Niestępski ◽

Piotr Jachimowicz

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) which are transported to the natural environment with discharged effluents. Samples of untreated wastewater (UWW) and treated wastewater (TWW) from four municipal WWTPs and samples of river water collected upstream (URW) and downstream (DRW) from the effluent discharge point were analyzed in the study. The total counts of bacteria resistant to β-lactams and tetracyclines and the counts of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli were determined. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant E. coli, were removed with up to 99.9% efficiency in the evaluated WWTPs. Despite the above, ARB counts in TWW samples were high at up to 1.25x105 CFU/mL in winter and 1.25x103 CFU/mL in summer. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were also abundant (up to 103 CFU/ml) in URW and DRW samples collected in winter and summer. In both UWW and TWW samples, the counts of ARB and antibiotic-resistant E. coli were at least one order of magnitude lower in summer than in winter. The study revealed that despite the high efficiency of bacterial removal in the wastewater treatment processes, considerable amounts of ARB are released into the environment with TWW and that the percentage of ARB in total bacterial counts increases after wastewater treatment.

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The occurrence of disinfectant and antibiotic-resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.141-145 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 141-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Waleed A. Ibrahim ◽

Sherif A. Marouf ◽

Ahmed M. Erfan ◽

Soad A. Nasef ◽

Jakeen K. El Jakee

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistant Genes ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Aim: This work aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt. Materials and Methods: Organs (liver, lung, heart, yolk sac, and bone marrow) of 1500 chicken samples were collected from diseased chickens suffered from colibacillosis with PM findings as CRD, diarrhea and omphalitis from different governorates of Egypt as: Giza, EL-Bahira, Fayoum, El-Dakahlia, El-Ismalia, and El-Sharkia during 2015-2016. These samples were labeled and transported immediately on ice to the Reference laboratory for quality control on poultry production (RLQP). The samples were cultured onto MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Isolation and identification of the E. coli were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out using disk diffusion method. The PCR employing tetA, qacED1 and qacA/B were carried out for detection of these genes in isolated E.coli. Results: The prevalence of E. coli in chicken was 34%. Predominant serotypes of E. coli which serologically identified were O128, O111, O44, O158, and O2. Antibiotic susceptibility test of E. coli revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, while 73.53% and 38.23% of them were sensitive for colistin sulfate and levofloxacin, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes as tetA gene were tested for isolated E. coli and detected by incidence rate of 91.18%. qac resistance genes resembling as qacED1 and qacA/B genes were detected in isolated E. coli 70.6% and 14.7%, respectively. Conclusion: E. coli isolated from chickens in Egypt was carried qac and antibiotic-resistant genes that affect the poultry industry.

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Longitudinal study on the effects of growth-promoting and therapeutic antibiotics on the dynamics of chicken cloacal and litter microbiomes and resistomes

Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40168-021-01136-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chhedi Lal Gupta ◽

Shlomo E. Blum ◽

Karuppasamy Kattusamy ◽

Tali Daniel ◽

Shelly Druyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

Growth Promoting

Abstract Background Therapeutic and growth-promoting antibiotics are frequently used in broiler production. Indirect evidence indicates that these practices are linked to the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from food animals to humans, and the environment, but there is a lack of comprehensive experimental data supporting this. We investigated the effects of growth promotor (bacitracin) and therapeutic (enrofloxacin) antibiotic administration on AMR in broilers for the duration of a production cycle, using a holistic approach that integrated both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. We specifically focused on pathogen-harboring families (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae). Results Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes were ubiquitous in chicken cloaca and litter regardless of antibiotic administration. Environment (cloaca vs. litter) and growth stage were the primary drivers of variation in the microbiomes and resistomes, with increased bacterial diversity and a general decrease in abundance of the pathogen-harboring families with age. Bacitracin-fed groups had higher levels of bacitracin resistance genes and of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcaceae (total Enterococcaceae counts were not higher). Although metagenomic analyses classified 28–76% of the Enterococcaceae as the commensal human pathogens E. faecalis and E. faecium, culture-based analysis suggested that approximately 98% of the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcaceae were avian and not human-associated, suggesting differences in the taxonomic profiles of the resistant and non-resistant strains. Enrofloxacin treatments had varying effects, but generally facilitated increased relative abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains, which were primarily E. coli. Metagenomic approaches revealed a diverse array of Staphylococcus spp., but the opportunistic pathogen S. aureus and methicillin resistance genes were not detected in culture-based or metagenomic analyses. Camphylobacteriaceae were significantly more abundant in the cloacal samples, especially in enrofloxacin-treated chickens, where a metagenome-assembled C. jejuni genome harboring fluoroquinolone and β-lactam resistance genes was identified. Conclusions Within a “farm-to-fork, one health” perspective, considering the evidence that bacitracin and enrofloxacin used in poultry production can select for resistance, we recommend their use be regulated. Furthermore, we suggest routine surveillance of ESBL E. coli, vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium, and fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni strains considering their pathogenic nature and capacity to disseminate AMR to the environment.

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Prevalence and Mechanism of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Feces in Korea

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-502 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (7) ◽

pp. 1145-1151 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yoon Sung Hu ◽

Sook Shin ◽

Yong Ho Park ◽

Kun Taek Park

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Double Mutation ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

E Coli

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the prevalence and fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli isolated from swine fecal samples. E. coli isolates were collected from 171 (72.2%) of 237 swine fecal samples. Of these, 59 isolates (34.5%) were confirmed as FQ-resistant E. coli by the disk diffusion method. Of the FQ-resistant isolates, three major FQ resistance mechanisms were investigated. Of the 59 isolates, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected in 9 isolates (15.3%). Efflux pump activity was found in 56 isolates (94.9%); however, this was not correlated with the increased FQ resistance measured by determining the MIC. Point mutations in quinolone resistance–determining regions were the main cause of FQ resistance. All 59 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had mutations in quinolone resistance–determining regions; of these 59 isolates, all (100%) had mutations in gyrA, 58 (98.3%) had mutations in parC, 22 (37.3%) had mutations in parE, and none had mutations in gyrB. The predominant mutation type was double mutation in gyrA (Ser83Leu plus mutation in aspartic acid 87), and all FQ-resistant isolates (except one) that had mutations in parC or parE also had double mutations in gyrA. Importantly, the frequencies of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing E. coli were significantly higher in the high ciprofloxacin MIC group in this study. Compared with previous studies in Korea, the prevalence of FQ resistance and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes had increased considerably in swine. Although the use of FQ as a feed additive is prohibited in Korea, use for self-treatment and therapeutic purposes has been increasing, which may be responsible for the higher FQ resistance rate observed in this study. Therefore, prudent use of FQ on animal farms is warranted to reduce the evolution of FQ-resistant bacteria in the animal industry.

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Load and Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli from Fresh Goat Meat in Arusha, Tanzania

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-573 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 (9) ◽

pp. 1635-1641 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

GASPARY MWANYIKA ◽

DOUGLAS R. CALL ◽

BENARDETHER RUGUMISA ◽

CATHERINE LUANDA ◽

REHEMA MURUTU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Meat Industry ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Goat Meat ◽

E Coli ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Antibiotic Drug

ABSTRACT Given the potential public health risks associated with a burgeoning goat meat industry in Tanzania, we estimated the load of Escherichia coli and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains for goat meat by using a cross-sectional study design (June to July 2015). Five large (n = 60 samples) and five small (n = 64 samples) slaughterhouses were sampled over a period of four to six visits each. Meat rinsate was prepared and plated onto MacConkey agar, and presumptive E. coli colonies were enumerated and reported as CFU per milliliter of rinsate. In total, 2,736 presumptive E. coli isolates were tested for antibiotic drug sensitivity by using breakpoint assays against 11 medically important antibiotics. E. coli was recovered from almost all the samples (96.8%), with counts ranging from 2 to 4 log CFU ml−1, and there was no significant difference (P = 0.43) in recovery according to facility size (average, 3.37 versus 3.13 log CFU ml−1, large and small, respectively). Samples from large facilities had relatively higher prevalence (P = 0.026) of antibiotic-resistant E. coli compared with small facilities. This was mostly explained by more ampicillin (30.1 versus 12.8%) and amoxicillin (17.6 versus 4.5%) resistance for large versus small facilities, respectively, and more tetracycline resistance for small facilities (5.6 versus 10.6%, respectively). Large slaughter operations may serve as foci for dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria via food products. More effective hygiene practices during slaughter and meat handling would limit the probability of transmitting antibiotic-resistant E. coli in goat meat.

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Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.266-274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 266-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sharmin Akter ◽

Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj ◽

Zobayda Farzana Haque ◽

Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽

Md. Abdul Kafi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Antibiotic Resistant

Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects which serve as biological or mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, and to examine their resistance genes. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 houseflies were captured using sterile nylon net from seven places of Mymensingh city, Bangladesh. Immediately after collection, flies were transferred to a sterile zipper bag and brought to microbiology laboratory within 1 h. Three bacterial species were isolated from houseflies, based on cultural and molecular tests. After that, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antibiotics, by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the detection of antibiotic resistance genes tetA, tetB, mcr-3, mecA, and mecC was performed by a polymerase chain reaction. Results: The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (78.6%), Salmonella spp., (66.4%), and Escherichia coli (51.4%). These species of bacteria were recovered from 78.3% of isolates from the Mymensingh Medical College Hospital areas. Most of the isolates of the three bacterial species were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin and were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin. Five antibiotic resistance genes of three bacteria were detected: tetA, tetB, mcr-3, and mecA were found in 37%, 20%, 20%, and 14% isolates, respectively, and no isolates were positive for mecC gene. Conclusion: S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli with genetically-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance are carried in houseflies in the Mymensingh region. Flies may, therefore, represent an important means of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with consequent risks to human and animal health.

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Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater

Zinc supplementation improves heme biosynthesis in rats exposed to lead ◽

10.18051/univmed.2018.v37.209-215 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 209 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Reza Ranjbar ◽

Maryam Zeynali ◽

Nooshin Sohrabi ◽

Asghar Ali Kamboh

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Hospital Wastewater ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 ◽

Hospital Wastewaters

BACKGROUND Hospital wastewaters may contain antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli. These E. coli harbor integron genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons in environmental antibiotic resistant E. coli strains isolated from the hospital wastewaters in Tehran, Iran. METHODS As a descriptive cross-sectional study, this research was performed from April to September 2015 on hospital wastewaters in Tehran. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed by standard biochemical and bacteriological procedures. Susceptibility testing was done by employing the disk diffusion method using different antibiotics. Total DNAs were extracted to evaluate the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with specific primers. RESULTS Fifty E. coli strains were isolated and identified from the wastewaters of 25 hospitals in Tehran. The phenotype results showed that 46 isolates (92%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 27 isolates (54%) were multidrug resistant. PCR showed that 35 (70%) and 20 (40%) of the isolates had class 1 and 2 integrons respectively and 14 isolates (28%) had both class 1 and class 2 integrons. CONCLUSION This study has shown a considerable presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons in E. coli strains isolated from hospital wastewaters in Tehran. Proper antibiotics prescription and appropriate hospital wastewater treatment can prevent resistance genes in E. coli from circulating in the environment.

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Manure Compost Is a Potential Source of Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Japanese Farms

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9020076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 76 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nobuki Yoshizawa ◽

Masaru Usui ◽

Akira Fukuda ◽

Tetsuo Asai ◽

Hidetoshi Higuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

E Coli ◽

Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽

Manure Compost ◽

Potential Source ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Route Of Transmission

Manure compost has been thought of as a potential important route of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from livestock to humans. To clarify the abundance of ARB and ARGs, ARB and ARGs were quantitatively determined in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (harboring the tetA gene)-spiked feces in simulated composts. In the simulated composts, the concentration of spiked E. coli decreased below the detection limit at day 7. The tetA gene remained in manure compost for 20 days, although the levels of the gene decreased. Next, to clarify the field conditions of manure compost in Japan, the quantities of tetracycline-resistant bacteria, tetracycline resistance genes, and residual tetracyclines were determined using field-manure-matured composts in livestock farms. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria were detected in 54.5% of tested matured compost (6/11 farms). The copy number of the tetA gene and the concentrations of residual tetracyclines in field manure compost were significantly correlated. These results suggest that the use of antimicrobials in livestock constitutes a selective pressure, not only in livestock feces but also in manure compost. The appropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock and treatment of manure compost are important for avoiding the spread of ARB and ARGs.

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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant in Escherichia coli isolates from patients with diarrhea

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v11i3.1323 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mojtaba Bonyadian ◽

Sara Barati ◽

Mohammad Reza Mahzounieh

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Main Concern ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Resis Tance ◽

Stool Samples

Background and Objectives: Escherichia coli is a common enteric pathogen of human and livevestock. Antibiotic resis- tance is the main concern of public health. The aim of this study was to detect this bacterium in stool samples of diarrheal patients and identify the phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of antibiotic-resistant isolates such as dfrA1, sul1, citm, tetA, qnr, aac(3)-IV in Shahrekord. Materials and Methods: Two hundred fifty diarrheal stool samples from patients were collected. Microbiological and biochemical examinations were done to detect E. coli. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance of the isolates were determined using dick diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Results: Among 114 E. coli isolates, the least resistance was for gentamicin (0%) and the most resistance was for trimetho- prim (79.8%). The resistance to sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and tetracycline were 71.05%, 10.5%, 52.63%, and 3.5% respectively. The results of PCR assay revealed that 10 isolates contain sul1, 49 isolates harbor citm, 8 isolates tetA, 36 isolates dfrA1, 11 isolates qnr genes but there was no isolate with aac(3)-IV gene. In comparison between phenotypic and genotypic of the isolates revealed that citm, tetA, dfrA1, qnr, sul1, aac(3)-IV genes covered 42.98%, 7.01%, 31.57%, 9.64%, 8.7%, 0% of the antibiotic resistance, respectively. Conclusion: Our results revealed that all isolates harbor one or more antibiotic resistance genes and that the PCR is a fast practical and appropriate method to determine the presence of antibiotic resistance genes.

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