International Competition and the Decline of U.S. Manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Bonvillian ◽  
Peter L. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Distributed Production ◽  
The U.S

This chapter reviews the U.S. manufacturing decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century, examining this from a series of dimensions, including the critical relationship between the production stage and the other parts of its innovation system. The profound challenge to U.S. production in the 1970s and 1980s from Japan's quality manufacturing model and its accompanying technology and process advances, which dramatically disrupted U.S. production practices, is the first issue that must be understood. The chapter then explores the rise of China's manufacturing economy; its innovative new production scale-up approaches knocked the United States into second place in world manufacturing output in a remarkably short period. Accompanying that rise was a parallel and related rise in distributed production by U.S. firms, with outsourcing of production stages and corresponding issues of “innovate here/produce there,” which could lead to “produce there/innovate there.”

scholarly journals Sea Control: Feasible, Acceptable, Suitable, or Simply Imperative

MCU Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-73
Author(s):  
Michael Manning
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Freedom Of Action

As the United States faces a rise in credible antiaccess/area-denial (A2/AD) threats, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) started developing counteraccess denial strategies early in the twenty-first century. Access denial strategies are not a new defensive strategy; what makes access denial challenging on the modern battlefield is the dramatic improvement and proliferation of weapons capable of denying access to or freedom of action within an operational area. Through a historical review of Japanese naval battles during the early twentieth century, a framework to model possible future contests for control of the maritime domain is possible. Control of the maritime domain is the prerequisite for assured access and sets the condition for successful Joint operations. In this article, recommendations for achieving success in this new operating environment are offered, including investing in low-cost technology that extends ranges of A2/AD capabilities.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Hinnershitz
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Ballot Initiative ◽  
Neutral Language ◽  
Legislative Measures ◽  
The U.S

In November 2008, Floridians who went to the polls to cast their ballots for the next president of the United States also had the chance to reverse eighty years of institutionalized discrimination against Asian Americans in their state. Asian American rights groups in Florida and nationwide distributed pamphlets, sent emails, and spoke to media outlets to build support for a ballot initiative that proposed removing the “aliens ineligible for citizenship” clause from the state constitution. There was hope that Florida could go the way of states like Kansas and New Mexico and formally remove the lingering anti-Asian language. Although the U.S. Supreme Court rendered legislative measures to prevent aliens ineligible for citizenship from owning land unconstitutional in 1952, the connection between the continued presence of this outdated language in the constitution and the legacy of anti-Asian sentiment was clear—this would be a symbolic victory that would signal a purge of de jure if not de facto prejudice and racism aimed at Asian Americans. Because Florida’s anti-alien legislation was enshrined in the constitution, 60 percent of voters would have to approve the initiative in order to remove the discriminatory language from the first amendment and insert neutral language specifying property rights for all. Surely, in the twenty-first century, Floridians would recognize the outdated and discriminatory portion of their constitution and vote to move the law of their land beyond the limits of the past....

Advanced Manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willian B. Bonvillian ◽  
Peter L. Singer
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Median Income ◽  
New Production ◽  
Alternative Funding ◽  
High School Diplomas

The United States lost almost one-third of its manufacturing jobs between 2000 and 2010. As higher-paying manufacturing jobs are replaced by lower-paying service jobs, income inequality has been approaching third world levels. In particular, between 1990 and 2013, the median income of men without high school diplomas fell by an astonishing 20 percent, and that of men with high school diplomas fell by a painful 13 percent. Innovation has been left largely to software and IT startups, and increasingly U.S. firms operate on a system of “innovate here/produce there,” leaving the manufacturing sector behind. This book explores how to rethink innovation and revitalize America's declining manufacturing sector. It argues that advanced manufacturing, which employs such innovative technologies as 3-D printing, advanced material, photonics, and robotics in the production process, is the key. The book discusses transformative new production paradigms that could drive up efficiency and drive down costs. It describes the new processes and business models that must accompany them, and explores alternative funding methods for startups that must manufacture. The book examines the varied attitudes of mainstream economics toward manufacturing, the post-Great Recession policy focus on advanced manufacturing, and lessons from the new advanced manufacturing institutes. Finally, it considers the problem of “startup scale-up,” possible new models for training workers, and the role of manufacturing in addressing “secular stagnation” in innovation, growth, the middle classes, productivity rates, and related investment.

scholarly journals Made in China 2025: China’s Strategy for Becoming a Global High-Tech Superpower and its Implications for the U.S. Economy, National Security, and Free Trade

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Derek Adam Levine
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Technology Acquisition ◽  
Made In China ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

This article addresses how China’s discriminatory trade practices and illicit means of foreign technology acquisition under its Made in China 2025 plan undermine current international trade orders and pose the greatest threat to its existence. Using both primary and secondary data, this article highlights major implications that Made in China 2025 has on free trade, the overall health of the U.S. economy, and U.S. national security. It proposes a multilateral strategy to preserve the current trade system to steer China on track toward honoring its commitment to free trade and identifies how the United States can maintain supremacy throughout the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals NASA, Astropreneurs and future markets: new models of the U.S. innovation policy for space industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-183
Author(s):  
I. V. DANILIN
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Model ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Launch ◽  
The Future ◽  
Space Economy ◽  
Space Data ◽  
The U.S

Article analyzes the changes in the space economy, as well as the U.S. federal policy for preserving American domination in this area. The evolution of the space economy in the United States is briefly considered, including formation of venture businesses since late  1990s (due to the computer and Internet revolution and development of space technologies). Of particular importance is  a so-called Astropreneurship – growth of startups, developing space  launch systems and spacecrafts. Amid technological factors, the  main driver for the rise of Astropreneurship was a suboptimal  technological and market strategy of Boeing and Lockheed Martin  duopoly. It created conditions for disruptive innovation development  in the industry and transition to a new, more open model of  innovation processes there. Although in the 1980–1990’s federal  government enacted a business-friendly regulations for the commercial space sector and set measures to support it through  public procurement, a new situation in the markets and in sectoral innovation system has become a challenge for national  policy, enforced by budget constraints and other factors. Catastrophe of the Columbia space shuttle in 2003, which raised the  issue of maintaining independent U.S. access to the International Space Station and, in the future, to other orbital  operations after shuttles’ phase-out, triggered changes in federal  policies for the industry. As a result, since 2006 NASA (with some  DoD support) initiated several programs to develop new space  launch and delivery systems. These programs were based on the  public-private partnerships with active involvement of small and  medium innovative enterprises, primarily startups. The results  turned out to be more significant than originally intended: formation of a new model of federal industrial and technological  policy in the space sector, almost similar to the DARPA principles. The new policy assumes the role of NASA and, more  broadly, the federal government as an equal (rather than a  dominant) participant in space industry innovative processes and as  a more active organizer of the industry`s innovation system (considering changes in its nature). Despite all activities are  mission-oriented, more attention is paid to the development of  complex partnerships, ecosystems, etc. – with an emphasis both on  satisfaction of government needs and on ensuring market leadership  of the U.S. companies. However, this new model faces  sever al problems: ambiguity of federal expenditures on space- related research and development; need to restructure NASA science and technology organization; efficiency of federal efforts in support  of new partners and processes – taking into account specifics of  available policy instruments. The future of federal efforts will be  determined by the solution of these problems and by the need to  extend new model and practices to the key (in terms of market size  and technology advances) segments of space economy – satellite  manufacturing and the use of space data.

Banning 2,4-D and the phenoxy herbicides: potential economic impact

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Szmedra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
New Production ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Financial Impacts ◽  
The U.S

In response to concern by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about the health effects of farmworker exposure to 2,4-D and the phenoxy class of herbicides, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) initiated a benefits assessment in 1993 to determine the economic implications of a complete ban of these materials in agricultural and nonagricultural uses. About 55 million pounds of phenoxy herbicides are used annually in the United States, with 2,4-D comprising 86% of total use or about 47 million pounds of acid equivalent. The severest economic effects would be felt in major field crop applications and in alfalfa forage uses. The total loss of phenoxy herbicides in field crop applications could result in net societal losses, which combine producer and consumer effects of yield, cost, and price changes, approaching $1.2 billion. Greatest yield losses averaged over total planted acres under a total phenoxy herbicide loss scenario would be seen in peanut (13%), alfalfa (5.2%), barley (3.8%), sorghum (2.4%), and wheat (2.2%). Producers of orchard, vineyard, soft fruit, and nut crops could incur losses of $105 million. The estimated aggregate economic impact of losing phenoxy herbicides in the applications included in this paper is a loss of $1.3 billion. These estimates describe the yield and financial impacts of the initial production year after a cancellation. Subsequent years' losses and financial impacts would be less as farmers and markets adjust to the new production situation.

The Advanced Manufacturing Innovation Institute Model

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Bonvillian ◽  
Peter L. Singer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Manufacturing Innovation ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Technology Advances

This chapter reviews the centerpiece of U.S. advanced manufacturing policies to date, the advanced manufacturing institutes. While the United States originated the advanced manufacturing approach, it is facing intense competition in this area as numerous other nations pick up the model; it needs these manufacturing institutes to avoid falling behind its industrial competitors. A key goal of the “manufacturing innovation institutes” was to fill a gap in the U.S. innovation system for manufacturing by creating a space where advanced manufacturing could evolve through a collaboration between industry (both small and large firms), universities, and government. To be successful, the institute model needs to continue to find technology areas with application across many industries and in industries with long supply chains that may be slow to take up technology advances.

From Daniel Boone to Captain America

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad A. Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
American Art ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
American Popular Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Captain America ◽  
The U.S

This book examines the transmission of the ideals and myths of playing Indian in American popular culture. In the nineteenth century, American art and literature developed and nurtured images of the Indian and the frontiersman that exemplified ideals of heroism, bravery, and manhood, as well as embodying fears of treason, loss of civilization, and weakness. During this time, Daniel Boone emerged as an exemplary figure of crossing the white-Native line. In the twentieth century, comic books, among other popular forms of media, would inherit these images. The Western genre of comic books participated fully in that genre’s conventions, replicating and perpetuating the myths and ideals long associated with the frontier in the United States. A fascination with Native Americans was also present in comic books devoted to depicting the Indian past of the U.S. In such stories, the Indian is always a figure of the past, romanticized as a lost segment of U.S. history, ignoring contemporary and actual Native peoples. Playing Indian occupies a definite subgenre of the Western comics, especially during the postwar period when a host of comics featuring a “white Indian” as the hero were being published. Playing Indian migrates into superhero comics, a phenomenon that heightens and amplifies the notions of heroism, bravery, and manhood already attached to the white Indian trope. Instances of superheroes, such as Batman and Superman, playing Indian corroborate with the depictions found in the strictly Western comics. The superhero as Indian is revived in the twenty-first century via Captain America, attesting to the continuing power of this ideal and image.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Allegro ◽  
Andrew Grant Wood
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Latin American Immigration ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

This introductory chapter begins by discussing the significant growth in the increased the number of Latin American migrants to the U.S. Heartland (Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas, Missouri, and Iowa) since the mid-1990s. While many heartlanders have welcomed the new arrivals by establishing community and religious-based initiatives and various partnerships to accommodate them, others less tolerant have crafted exclusionary and restrictive laws that have marginalized immigrants. Stalled reforms at the federal level have also obstructed nearly all legitimate, documented paths to legal residency and potential citizenship. The chapter then offers a portrait of a peoples and their encounters as they enter the United States into the early part of the twenty-first century by drawing on a selection of leading texts in the study of Latin American immigration. This is followed by a discussion of what should be done about undocumented migration and an overview of the subsequent chapters.

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