scholarly journals Safety, efficacy, and tissues residues of ivermectin in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Dieterich ◽  
Arthur L. Craigmill
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Fat Injection ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Cervical Area

Safety, efficacy, and tissue residues of ivermectin, a broad spectrum parasiticide, were determined in Alaskan reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>). Reindeer treated at 5 times and 10 times the standard dose of 200 mcg/kg had no detectable physical or behavioral reactions to ivermectin injected subcutaneously in the mid-cervical area. Ivermectin eliminated essentially 100% of reindeer warble larvae (<em>Hypoderma</em> (<em>Oedemagena</em>) <em>tarandi</em>). Tissue levels of ivermectin in back fat, injection site, muscle, liver, and kidney collected 3, 10, 17, and 24 days post injection were determined. All tissues levels rapidly declined and were approaching low unmea-surable amounts at the end of the 24 day test period. Ivermectin is a safe effective parasiticide that has been used successfully to threat thousands of reindeer in Alaska.

Risk-based post injection site care and monitoring for commercial-scale carbon storage: Reevaluation of the FutureGen 2.0 site using NRAP-Open-IAM and DREAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 102784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana H. Bacon ◽  
Catherine M.R. Yonkofski ◽  
Christopher F. Brown ◽  
Deniz I. Demirkanli ◽  
Jonathan M. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Commercial Scale

Acute and Long-Term Accumulation of Copper by the Brown Bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Brungs ◽  
Edward N. Leonard ◽  
James M. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Dead Fish ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) were exposed to constant concentrations of copper ranging from 6.5 to 422 μg/liter. Copper concentrations in gill, opercle, liver, and kidney tissues of live fish did not differ from those that died during the acute exposure. Exposure of fish to sublethal concentrations for 20 days before exposure to lethal concentrations resulted in higher tissue levels in the dead fish than in fish not previously exposed. A distinct increase in liver and gill tissue copper concentrations occurred at exposure levels of 27 μg/liter and above. Equilibrium tissue levels of copper in the liver and gill were reached within 30 days. Copper levels in red blood cells and plasma after 20-months exposure did not differ from the controls. Red blood cells analyzed after 6-days and 30-days exposure to copper also showed no increased copper residues.

scholarly journals Concentration-dependent Toxicity after Subcutaneous Administration of Meloxicam to C57BL/6N Mice (Mus musculus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 802-809
Author(s):  
Anna E Sarfaty ◽  
Caroline J Zeiss ◽  
Amy D Willis ◽  
Jorgen M Harris ◽  
Peter C Smith
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Gastric Ulceration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Severe Pathology ◽  
Kidney Lesions ◽  
Epidermal Necrosis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Ulceration

Studies using the Mouse Grimace Scale have shown that for many NSAID, including meloxicam, minimal doses of at least 20 mg/kg may be necessary to achieve adequate peri- and post-operative analgesia in mice. However, more data are needed to determine whether such NSAID doses exceed the threshold for gastrointestinal ulceration or induce other relevant pathology. We administered equal volumes of saline or injectable meloxicam (1 or 5 mg/mL) at a dose of 20 mg/kg SC to 20 young adult male and female C57BL/6N mice daily for 6 d and performed necropsies on all mice on the seventh day. Mice given 5 mg/mL meloxicam subcutaneously developed significantly more severe pathology at the injection site than saline controls. Pathology was characterized by full-thickness epidermal necrosis; cavitary lesions within subcutis, muscle, or fat; steatitis; and myositis. Mice that received 1 mg/mL meloxicam subcutaneously developed lesions that were qualitatively similar but far less severe than those after 5 mg/mL. However, no pathologic lesions typically associated with NSAID toxicity, such as gastric ulceration and liver and kidney lesions, were seen. These results demonstrate that although meloxicam injected subcutaneously causes concentration-dependent skin pathology at the injection site, a dose of 20 mg/kg can be safely administered subcutaneously at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for as long as 6 d.

Organ function, sphingolipid levels and inflammation in tunicamycin induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in male rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 096032712094961
Author(s):  
Mutay Aslan ◽  
Özlem Elpek ◽  
Bahar Akkaya ◽  
Hazal Tuzcu Balaban ◽  
Ebru Afşar
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Tubular Damage ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Cox 2

Disorders of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lead to cellular damage but can cause cell death if ER dysfunction is prolonged. We aimed to examine liver/kidney functions, neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activity, sphingolipid levels, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in rats under ER stress. ER stress was induced by tunicamycin (TM) and the ER stress inhibitor taurodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was injected before induction of ER stress. ER stress was confirmed by increased tissue levels of GRP78. Hematological and biochemical profiles were measured by autoanalyzers while hepatic and renal injury was evaluated via microscopy and histopathological scoring. Tissue levels of C16-C24 sphingomyelins (SM), C16-C24 ceramides (CERs) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were determined by LC-MS/MS. Tissue cPLA2 and COX-2 were measured by western blot and activity assays. Tunicamycin treatment caused kidney and liver function test abnormalities, increased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels but decreased white blood cell counts. Histopathological findings showed hepatic necroinflammation and renal tubular damage in rats treated with TM. TUDCA administration attenuated WBC abnormalities and TM- induced hepatic/renal functional impairment in ER stress, as evident by significantly restored serum ALT, AST, creatinine, and total bilirubin levels. A significant increase was observed in N-SMase activity, tissue levels of C16-C24 CERs, cPLA2 and COX-2 expression in liver and kidney tissue under ER stress. TUDCA administration decreased tissue CER levels, cPLA2 and COX-2 expression as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation. These results signify that ER stress causes hepatic and renal toxicity as well as CER-induced PGE2 formation in liver and kidney.

scholarly journals DIETARY SELENIUM AND CADMIUM INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN WEANLING PIGS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
The Relationship

Sixteen piglets, weaned at 14 days, were used to study Se × Cd interaction and possible interference of Cd in the relationship between dietary Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in plasma. A diet containing 0.02 ppm Se, or supplemented with 0.1 ppm Se, was fed ad libitum for 7 wk. Then a supplement of Cd (50 ppm) was incorporated in the feed of half of each Se group for a 2-wk period. Supplemental Se increased the plasma GSH-Px activity (P < 0.01) and Se concentrations in heart, muscle and spleen (P < 0.05); blood, liver and lung (P < 0.01); and kidney (P < 0.001), but not in brain tissue. Supplementary Cd had no effect (P > 0.05) on the blood measurements, but increased Cd levels in lung (P < 0.05), spleen (P < 0.01), and liver and kidney (P < 0.001). Tissue levels of Cd and Se in the kidney, liver and spleen provided confirmation of the interaction between these dietary trace minerals.

scholarly journals Lessons Learned from the Post-injection Site Care Program at the American Electric Power Mountaineer Product Validation Facility

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 6141-6155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin McNeil ◽  
Indrajit Bhattacharya ◽  
Tim Lohner ◽  
H. James Holley Ii ◽  
Melissa Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Post Injection

scholarly journals Osmotic Activity of Drugs is an Important Factor of Their Local Action at the Injection Site: What We Don't Use to Prevent Post-Injection Abscesses

2021 ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Urakov ◽  
Natalya Urakova
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Local Action ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Osmotic Activity

It is established that very few modern high-quality drugs in the dosage form "Solution for injection" have isoosmotic activity in the range of 280-300 mosmol/l of water. The main part of solutions for injection is hypotonic or hypertonic solutions, which can have osmotic activity in the range of 0 - 4000 mosmol/l of water. The reason for this was that the osmotic activity of drugs is not included in the list of controlled indicators of drugs quality, so it is not subject to control. It is shown that the osmotic activity of drug solutions increases with an increase in the total concentration of all dissolved ingredients present in the solution.  It was found that an excessively high concentration of the drug in the solution gives it an excessively large hyperosmotic activity, which can cause a local irritant and cauterizing effect at the injection sites due to dehydration of the cells. Therefore, to exclude post-injection abscesses, it is proposed to dilute the hypertonic drug with water for injection until it is given isotonic activity.

Acetaminophen: Neonatal hepatotoxicity due to late pregnancy exposure

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 718-719
Author(s):  
G.A. Miranda ◽  
M.A. Arroyo ◽  
C.A. Lucio ◽  
M. Mongeotti ◽  
S.S. Poolsawat
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Neonatal Liver ◽  
Childbearing Women

Exposure to drugs and toxic chemicals, during late pregnancy, is a common occurrence in childbearing women. Some studies have reported that more than 90% of pregnant women use at least 1 prescription; of this, 60% used more than one. Another study indicated that 80% of the consumed drugs were not prescribed, and of this figure, 95% were “over-the-counter” drugs. Acetaminophen, the safest of all over-the-counter drugs, has been reported to induce fetal liver necrosis in man and animals and to have abortifacient and embryocidal action in mice. This study examines the degree to which acetaminophen affects the neonatal liver and kidney, when a fatty diet is simultaneously fed to the mother during late pregnancy.Timed Swiss Webster female mice were gavaged during late pregnancy (days 16-19) with fat suspended acetaminophen at a high dose, HD = 84.50 mg/kg, and a low dose, LD = 42.25 mg/kg; a control group received fat alone.

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