scholarly journals The relationships between exercise and affective states: a naturalistic, longitudinal study of recreational runners

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Bonham ◽  
Gillian V. Pepper ◽  
Daniel Nettle
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Average Valence ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Gps Devices

Background Although people generally feel more positive and more energetic in the aftermath of exercise than before, longitudinal research on how exercise relates to within-person fluctuations in affect over the course of everyday life is still relatively limited. One constraint on doing such research is the need to provide participants with accelerometers to objectively record their exercise, and pagers to capture affective reports. Aims We aimed to develop a methodology for studying affect and exercise using only technology that participants already possess, namely GPS running watches and smartphones. Using this methodology, we aimed to characterize within-individual fluctuations in affective valence and arousal in relation to bouts of exercise, and explore possible moderators of these fluctuations. Methods We recruited a sample of 38 recreational runners. Participants provided daily affective reports for six weeks using their smartphones. Information on their runs was harvested from their own GPS devices via an online platform for athletes. Results Average valence and arousal were higher on days when the person had run than on the next day, and higher the day after a run than on the days after that. Over the course of the day of a run, valence and arousal declined significantly as the time since the run increased. Physically fitter participants had more positive valence overall, and this was particularly true when they had not run recently. There was some evidence of higher-dose (i.e., longer and faster) runs being associated with lower arousal on the next and subsequent days. Gender did not moderate associations between running and valence or arousal. Discussion Our study demonstrated the potential for studying the associations between affect and exercise in a way that is precise, undemanding for participants, and convenient for researchers, using technologies that participants already own and use.

Intra-individual Associations of Perceived Stress, Affective Valence, and Affective Arousal with Momentary Cortisol in a Sample of Working Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian A Johnson ◽  
Matthew J Zawadzki ◽  
Dusti R Jones ◽  
Julia Reichenberger ◽  
Joshua M Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Saliva Sample ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Affective Arousal ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal

Abstract Background Research pairing ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology and ambulatory cortisol during daily life is still rare, as is careful testing of the within-person associations between stress, affect, and cortisol. Using a circumplex approach, we considered both valence and arousal components of affect. Purpose To examine the within-person covariation of momentary cortisol with momentary perceived stress, affective valence, and affective arousal in everyday life. Methods 115 working adults (Mage = 41.2; 76% women; 76% white) completed six EMA surveys per day over 3 days. Each assessment included reports of perceived stress and affect (used to construct indicators of affective valence and arousal), followed by a saliva sample (from which cortisol was assessed). Multi-level models were used to examine the momentary associations between perceived stress, affective valence, affective arousal, and cortisol. Results Moments characterized by higher perceived stress were associated with higher cortisol (p = .036). Affective valence covaried with cortisol (p = .003) such that more positive valence was associated with lower cortisol and more negative valence with higher cortisol. Momentary affective arousal was not related to cortisol (p = .131). When all predictors were tested in the same model, only valence remained a significant predictor of cortisol (p = .047). Conclusion Momentary perceived stress and affective valence, but not affective arousal, were associated with naturalistic cortisol. Cortisol was more robustly associated with affective valence than perceived stress or affective arousal. These findings extend our understanding of how moments of stress and particular characteristics of affective states (i.e., valence but not arousal) may “get under the skin” in daily life.

scholarly journals Daily gender expression is associated with psychological adjustment for some people, but mainly men

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriene M. Beltz ◽  
Amy M. Loviska ◽  
Alexander Weigard
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Gender Expression ◽  
Daily Experiences ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Daily Changes ◽  
Male Pattern

AbstractTo what extent does gender expression vary day-to-day? Are daily changes related to psychological adjustment in the same way for all individuals? A person-specific approach was used to answer these questions in a 75-day intensive longitudinal study. Fifty-seven cisgender adults (27 women) provided over 4000 reports of daily masculinity and femininity and of three indices of internalizing problems. Results revealed: (a) substantial daily fluctuations in gender expression, especially in women; (b) sample-level links between daily increases in femininity or reductions in masculinity and heightened anxiety, depression, and self-reproach for men, but no apparent links for women; and (c) person-specific links between gender expression and psychological adjustment, such that some women reported internalizing problems with reduced masculinity (average male pattern) and some men reported problems with heightened masculinity (opposite the average male pattern). Findings highlight how intensive longitudinal research can illuminate the uniqueness of gender-related daily experiences, and their implications for the wellbeing of individuals.

Engagement, Predictors, and Outcomes of a Trauma Recovery Digital Mental Health Intervention: Longitudinal Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Yeager ◽  
Charles C. Benight
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Symptom Reduction ◽  
Trauma Recovery ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Latent Construct

BACKGROUND Worldwide, exposure to potentially traumatic events is extremely common and many will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) along with other disorders. Unfortunately, considerable barriers to treatment exist. One promising approach to overcoming treatment barriers are digital mental health interventions (DMHIs). Yet, engagement with DMHIs is a concern and theoretically based research in this area is sparse and often inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The focus of this study was on the complex issue of DMHI engagement. Based on the social cognitive theoretical (SCT), the conceptualization of engagement and a theoretically based model of predictors and outcomes were investigated using a DMHI for trauma recovery. METHODS A 6-week longitudinal study with a national sample of trauma survivors was performed that measured engagement, predictors of engagement, and mediational pathways to symptom reduction while using a trauma recovery DMHI (NT1 = 915, NT2 = 350, NT3 = 168, NT4 = 101). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis of the engagement latent construct of duration, frequency, interest, attention, and affect produced an acceptable model fit, (χ² = 8.35, df = 2, P = .015, CFI = .973, RMSEA = .059, 90% CI = [.022, .103]. Using the latent construct, the longitudinal theoretical model demonstrated adequate model fit, CFI = .929, RMSEA = .052, 90% CI [.040, .064] and indicated that engagement self-efficacy (β = .35, P < .001) and outcome expectations (β = .37, P < .001) were significant predictors of engagement (R2 = 39%). The relationship between engagement and outcomes was mediated by both activation self-efficacy (β = .80, P < .001), and trauma coping self-efficacy (β = .40, P < .001), which predicted a reduction in PTSD symptoms (β = -.20, P = .017). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may provide a solid foundation toward formalizing the nascent science of engagement. The engagement conceptualization consisted of general measures of attention, interest, affect, and usage that could be applied to other applications. The longitudinal research model supported two theoretically based predictors of engagement, engagement self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. Two task specific self-efficacies, activation and coping, proved to be significant mediators between engagement and symptom reduction. Taken together, this model can be applied to other DMHIs to understand engagement as well as predictors and mechanisms of action. Ultimately, this could help improve the design and development of engaging and effective trauma recovery DMHIs.

Qualitative longitudinal research: researching fatherhood and fathers’ experiences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Miller
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Transition To Motherhood ◽  
Transition To Fatherhood ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In

This chapter focuses on a qualitative longitudinal (QL) research project, Transition to Fatherhood, and later episodes of fathering and fatherhood experiences. It begins by exploring the research design of this study and considers the inherent gendered and other assumptions made in it, which mirrors an earlier research project on Transition to Motherhood. Following an examination of some of the methodological issues that arose during this qualitative longitudinal study, the chapter turns to reflect on the important question of what adding time into a qualitative study can do. It considers what happens when narratives collected in later interviews are incorporated into earlier analysis and findings as lives and fatherhood experiences change, as well as the benefits of researching individuals over time.

Experimental Results of Affective Valence and Arousal to Avatar's Facial Expressions

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeonghun Ku ◽  
Hee Jeong Jang ◽  
Kwang Uk Kim ◽  
Jae Hun Kim ◽  
Sung Hyouk Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal

scholarly journals Vagal Tone Differences in Empathy Level Elicited by Different Emotions and a Co-Viewer

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3136
Author(s):  
Suhhee Yoo ◽  
Mincheol Whang
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Vagal Tone ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Factor Level ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Different Levels

Empathy can bring different benefits depending on what kind of emotions people empathize with. For example, empathy with negative emotions can raise donations to charity while empathy with positive emotions can increase participation during remote education. However, few studies have focused on the physiological differences depending on what kind of emotions people empathize with. Furthermore, co-viewer can influence the elicitation of different levels of empathy, but this has been less discussed. Therefore, this study investigated vagal response differences according to each empathy factor level elicited by different emotions and co-viewer. Fifty-nine participants were asked to watch 4 videos and to evaluate subjective valence, arousal scores, and undertake an empathy questionnaire, which included cognitive, affective and identification empathy. Half of the participants watched the videos alone and the other half watched the videos with a co-viewer. Valence and arousal scores were categorized into three levels to figure out what kind of emotions they empathized with. Empathy level (high vs. low) was determined based on the self-report scores. Two-way MANOVA revealed an interaction effect of empathy level and emotions. High affective empathy level is associated with higher vagal response regardless of what kind of emotions they empathized with. However, vagal response differences in other empathy factor level showed a different pattern depending on what kind of emotions that participant empathized with. A high cognitive empathy level showed lower vagal responses when participants felt negative or positive valence. High identification level also showed increased cognitive burden when participants empathized with negative and neutral valence. The results implied that emotions and types of empathy should be considered when measuring empathic responses using vagal tone. Two-way MANOVA revealed empathic response differences between co-viewer condition and emotion. Participants with a co-viewer felt higher vagal responses and self-reporting empathy scores only when participants empathized with arousal. This implied that the effect of a co-viewer may impact on empathic responses only when participants felt higher emotional intensity.

Longitudinal Study on Retrospective Assessment of Perceived Usability: A New Method and Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-412
Author(s):  
Wang Yuhui ◽  
Li Chunfu ◽  
Lei Tian ◽  
Huang Qin
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Usability Evaluation ◽  
Memory Effects ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Usability Assessment ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Perceived Usability ◽  
Changes Over Time

AbstractThis paper reports a longitudinal study on the retrospective evaluation of perceived usability. We propose a retest method based on SUS questionnaires to reduce the multiple-observation effects typically present in longitudinal research. We designed different forms of the SUS questionnaire to eliminate memory effects and distributed duplicate SUS copies to subjects. We first measured the alternative-form reliability of duplicate in Experiment I ($\textbf{r =0.814}$). We then found that the duplicates we designed significantly reduce memory effects compared to the standard SUS questionnaire. Experiment II involved tests on the retrospective evaluation of perceived usability at five measurement points after initial use. The retrospective evaluation of perceived usability changes over time. After 5 min (at point ${\mathrm{T}}_2$), we found that each subject’s retrospective evaluation changed significantly regardless of whether the task had higher or lower usability levels. Moreover, the `directions’of this change tended to differ. This indicates that time is an important factor in perceived usability evaluation. Our results altogether indicate that time affects the retrospective evaluation of perceived usability as well as the accuracy of perceived usability evaluation, which suggests that the process of perceived usability assessment requires strict time constraints.

scholarly journals Day-to-Day Contact and Help Among Neighbors Measured in the Natural Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Seifert
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Background and Objectives Empirical evidence suggests that the concept of “neighboring” (i.e., social contact and social support within a neighborhood) is related to between-person differences in well-being among older adults. However, little is known about the within-person differences in older adults’ everyday lives, which limits the ecological validity of prior findings. This study examined within-person associations between neighboring and the existence of positive valence, loneliness, and attachment to one’s neighborhood. Research Design and Methods The sample consisted of 4,620 observations of 20 days, drawn from 77 adults aged between 61 and 90 years. A mobile application on a smartphone was used for data collection. Results The results of the multilevel analysis suggest that daily contact with one’s neighbors was not significantly associated with daily positive valence, but it was positively related to daily feelings of not being alone and daily attachment to one’s neighborhood. Discussion and Implications The study makes noteworthy contributions to the field of gerontology by applying a micro-longitudinal research design to assess real-life within-person information.

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