scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling of anthocyanin-related genes reveals effects of light intensity on anthocyanin biosynthesis in red leaf lettuce

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhao Zhang ◽  
Shuzhen Xu ◽  
Yanwei Cheng ◽  
Zhengfeng Peng ◽  
Jianming Han
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
High Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Lettuce

Red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.) is popular due to its high anthocyanin content, but poor leaf coloring often occurs under low light intensity. In order to reveal the mechanisms of anthocyanins affected by light intensity, we compared the transcriptome ofL. sativaL. var.capitataunder light intensities of 40 and 100 μmol m−2s−1. A total of 62,111 unigenes were de novo assembled with an N50 of 1,681 bp, and 48,435 unigenes were functionally annotated in public databases. A total of 3,899 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, of which 1,377 unigenes were up-regulated and 2,552 unigenes were down-regulated in the high light samples. By Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, the DEGs were significantly enriched in 14 pathways. Using gene annotation and phylogenetic analysis, we identified seven anthocyanin structural genes, includingCHS,CHI,F3H,F3′H,DFR,ANS, and3GT, and two anthocyanin transport genes,GSTandMATE. In terms of anthocyanin regulatory genes, five MYBs and one bHLH gene were identified. AnHY5gene was discovered, which may respond to light-signaling and regulate anthocyanin structural genes. These genes showed a log2FC of 2.7–9.0 under high irradiance, and were validated using quantitative real-time-PCR. In conclusion, our results indicated transcriptome variance in red leaf lettuce under low and high light intensity, and observed a anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation pattern. The data should further help to unravel the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanins influenced by light intensity.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) fruit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Gao ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Jiaxin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Biosynthesis Regulation

Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) is a popular fruit due to its high anthocyanin content. This study aimed to analyze the transcriptome profile of V. ashei cv. ‘Brightwell’ fruits at different stages of development. A total of 314.26 GB of clean data were obtained and de novo assembled into 254,196 unigenes. In comparisons between the early and late stages of fruit ripening, 27 genes (including PAL, CHS, F3H, F3ʹH, F3ʹ5ʹH, LDOX, etc.) were found to cover the main steps in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Most of these genes were highly expressed in the late stage of fruit development, suggesting that anthocyanin mainly accumulate in the late stage. During the late stage of fruit development, most structural and regulatory genes such as F3ʹ5ʹH and F3ʹH, which are involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, were upregulated, causing the fruit to turn blue. Decreased expression of a large number of chloroplast-related genes during the fruit ripening period could explain why the green fruit color fades over time. Additionally, abscisic acid and ethylene may play positive roles in promoting fruit ripening and anthocyanin accumulation. This research reveals the transcriptomic characteristics of immature and mature fruits and enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in blueberry fruit.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic profiling of purple broccoli reveals light-induced anthocyanin biosynthetic signaling and structural genes

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunqing Liu ◽  
Xueqin Yao ◽  
Guangqing Li ◽  
Lei Huang ◽  
Zhujie Xie
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Digital Gene Expression ◽  
Flower Head ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Rna Sequences

Purple Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) attracts growing attention as a functional food. Its purple coloration is due to high anthocyanin amounts. Light represents a critical parameter affecting anthocyanins biosynthesis. In this study, ‘Purple Broccoli’, a light-responding pigmentation cultivar, was assessed for exploring the mechanism underlying light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis by RNA-Seq. Cyanidin, delphinidin and malvidin derivatives were detected in broccoli head samples. Shading assays and RNA-seq analysis identified the flower head as more critical organ compared with leaves. Anthocyanin levels were assessed at 0, 7 and 11 days, respectively, with further valuation by RNA-seq under head-shading and light conditions. RNA sequences were de novo assembled into 50,329 unigenes, of which 38,701 were annotated against four public protein databases. Cluster analysis demonstrated that anthocyanin/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis in cluster 8 were the main metabolic pathways regulated by light and had showed associations with flower head growth. A total of 2,400 unigenes showed differential expression between the light and head-shading groups in cluster 8, including 650 co-expressed, 373 specifically expressed under shading conditions and 1,377 specifically expressed under normal light. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis demonstrated that light perception and the signal transducers CRY3 and HY5 may control anthocyanin accumulation. Following shading, 15 structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were downregulated, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H and DFR. Moreover, six BoMYB genes (BoMYB6-1, BoMYB6-2, BoMYB6-3, BoMYB6-4, BoMYBL2-1 and BoMYBL2-2) and three BobHLH genes (BoTT8_5-1, BoTT8_5-2 and BoEGL5-3) were critical transcription factors controlling anthocyanin accumulation under light conditions. Based on these data, a light-associated anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in Broccoli was proposed. This information could help improve broccoli properties, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning light-associated anthocyanin production in purple vegetables.

scholarly journals Gene Annotation and Transcriptome Delineation on a De Novo Genome Assembly for the Reference Leishmania major Friedlin Strain

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Esther Camacho ◽  
Sandra González-de la Fuente ◽  
Jose C. Solana ◽  
Alberto Rastrojo ◽  
Fernando Carrasco-Ramiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
De Novo Genome Assembly ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Leishmania major is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. The Friedlin strain of this species (LmjF) was chosen when a multi-laboratory consortium undertook the objective of deciphering the first genome sequence for a parasite of the genus Leishmania. The objective was successfully attained in 2005, and this represented a milestone for Leishmania molecular biology studies around the world. Although the LmjF genome sequence was done following a shotgun strategy and using classical Sanger sequencing, the results were excellent, and this genome assembly served as the reference for subsequent genome assemblies in other Leishmania species. Here, we present a new assembly for the genome of this strain (named LMJFC for clarity), generated by the combination of two high throughput sequencing platforms, Illumina short-read sequencing and PacBio Single Molecular Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing, which provides long-read sequences. Apart from resolving uncertain nucleotide positions, several genomic regions were reorganized and a more precise composition of tandemly repeated gene loci was attained. Additionally, the genome annotation was improved by adding 542 genes and more accurate coding-sequences defined for around two hundred genes, based on the transcriptome delimitation also carried out in this work. As a result, we are providing gene models (including untranslated regions and introns) for 11,238 genes. Genomic information ultimately determines the biology of every organism; therefore, our understanding of molecular mechanisms will depend on the availability of precise genome sequences and accurate gene annotations. In this regard, this work is providing an improved genome sequence and updated transcriptome annotations for the reference L. major Friedlin strain.

scholarly journals Nighttime Temperatures and Sunlight Intensities Interact to Influence Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Photooxidative Sunburn in “Fuji” Apple

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Xue ◽  
Ying Duan ◽  
Jinzheng Wang ◽  
Fengwang Ma ◽  
Pengmin Li
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
High Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Low Light Intensity ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Nighttime Temperatures

Light and low temperatures induce anthocyanin accumulation, but intense sunlight causes photooxidative sunburn. Nonetheless, there have been few studies of anthocyanin synthesis under different sunlight intensities and low nighttime temperatures. Here, low nighttime temperatures followed by low light intensity were associated with greater anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in “Fuji” apple peel. UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activity was positively associated with anthocyanin enrichment. Ascorbic acid can be used as an electron donor of APX to scavenge H2O2 in plants, which makes it play an important role in oxidative defense. Exogenous ascorbate altered the anthocyanin accumulation and reduced the occurrence of high light–induced photooxidative sunburn by removing hydrogen peroxide from the peel. Overall, low light intensity was beneficial for the accumulation of anthocyanin and did not cause photooxidative sunburn, whereas natural light had the opposite effect on the apple peel at low nighttime temperatures. This study provides an insight into the mechanisms by which low temperatures induce apple coloration and high light intensity causes photooxidative sunburn.

Does Astaxanthin Protect Haematococcus against Light Damage?

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Fan ◽  
Avigad Vonshak ◽  
Aliza Zarka ◽  
Sammy Boussiba
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Phosphate Starvation ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
High Light ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Light Damage ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Very High

Abstract The photoprotective function of the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in Haematococcus was questioned. When exposed to high irradiance and/or nutritional stress, green Haematococcus cells turned red due to accumulation of an immense quantity of the red pigment astaxanthin. Our results demonstrate that: 1) The addition of diphenylamine, an inhibitor of astaxanthin biosynthesis, causes cell death under high light intensity; 2) Red cells are susceptible to high light stress to the same extent or even higher then green ones upon exposure to a very high light intensity (4000 μmol photon m-2 s-1); 3) Addition of 1O2 generators (methylene blue, rose bengal) under noninductive conditions (low light of 100 (μmol photon m-2 s-1) induced astaxanthin accumulation. This can be reversed by an exogenous 1O2 quencher (histidine); 4) Histidine can prevent the accumulation of astaxanthin induced by phosphate starvation. We suggest that: 1) Astaxanthin is the result of the photoprotection process rather than the protective agent; 2) 1O2 is involved indirectly in astaxanthin accumulation process.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Response to N, P, or K Deprivation in Baby Leaf Lettuce

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Simko
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Nitrogen Deprivation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Leaf Lettuce ◽  
K Fertilization

Lettuce harvested at the baby leaf stage is a popular component of mixed salads in ready-to-use packages. Little is known, however, about response of baby leaf lettuce to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. Eight lettuce accessions were subjected to five fertilization treatments to investigate genetic differences in reaction to N, P, and K fertilization. The control treatment provided optimal levels of macronutrients for plant growth, while other treatments deprived plants of either N, P, or K. Potassium deprivation had no obvious effect on plant weight or composition, apart from substantially decreased potassium content. Nitrogen and phosphorus deprivations, however, extensively decreased fresh weight and affected plant composition. Phosphorus and nitrogen deprivation considerably increased anthocyanin content in red-colored accessions, but anthocyanin was decreased in dark green-colored accessions, indicating differences in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Correlations between fresh weight, chlorophyll, anthocyanin, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content were substantially affected by selection of datasets used for analyses; some relationships were revealed when analyzed separately by individual treatments, while others were more likely to be detected when analyzed by individual accessions. Absolute (ΔABS) and relative (2ΔREL) parameters described in this study were suitable for detecting over- and underperforming accessions. The ΔABS identified the absolute Lb-fold (logarithm to the base of 2, binary logarithm) change in performance of an accession in a treatment as compared to its performance in control conditions. The 2ΔREL parameter showed relative Lb-fold change for an accession as compared to the overall mean of ΔABS values of all accessions tested in control and treatment conditions.

scholarly journals Genome assembly and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the anti-schistosome mechanism of Microtus fortis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Shumei Chai ◽  
Xiong Bai ◽  
Guohui Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Schistosome Infection ◽  
Susceptible Host

ABSTRACTMicrotus fortis (M. fortis) so far is the only mammal host that exhibits intrinsic resistance against Schistosoma japonicum infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this intrinsic resistance are not yet known. Here we performed the first de novo genome assembly of M. fortis, comprehensive gene annotation and evolution analysis. Furthermore, we compared the recovery rate of schistosome, pathological change and liver transcriptome between non-permissive host M. fortis and susceptible host mouse at different time points after Schistosome infection. We reveal that Immune response of M. fortis and mouse is different in time and type. M. fortis activates immune and inflammatory responses on the 10th days post infection, involving in multiple pathways, such as leukocyte extravasation, antibody activation (especially IgG3), Fc-gamma receptor mediated phagocytosis, and interferon signaling cascade. The strong immune responses of M. fortis in early stages of infection play important roles in preventing the development of schistosome. On the contrary, intense immune response occurred in mouse in late stages of infection (28~42 days post infection), and cannot eliminate schistosome. Infected mouse suffers severe pathological injury and continuous decrease of important functions such as cell cycle and lipid metabolism. Our findings offer new insights to the intrinsic resistance mechanism of M. fortis against schistosome infection. The genome sequence also provides bases for future studies of other important traits in M. fortis.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing and Expression Analysis of Genes Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Leaves of Malus ‘Profusion’ Infected by Japanese Apple Rust

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
Pengyuan Liu ◽  
Yilin Wang ◽  
Jiaxin Meng ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Bhlh Genes ◽  
Myb Genes

Anthocyanins play many roles in plants, including providing protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. Japanese apple rust (Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex G. Yamada) causes serious diseases in plants of the genus Malus and results in reduced fruit production and quality. However, few studies have been done to unravel the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin formation in rust-infected apple leaves. To identify new regulatory genes in apple leaves that may be involved in regulating rust-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, we measured anthocyanin content and sequenced the transcriptomes of rust-infected and uninfected tissues of Malus ‘Profusion’ leaves. Significant color changes and anthocyanin enrichment (especially cyanidin-3-galactoside chloride) occurred in infected tissues, whereas no significant color change and a low anthocyanin level were observed in uninfected tissue. We identified 10,045 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these two tissue types, including 6021 genes that were upregulated in the infected tissue and 4024 genes that were downregulated. We also identified five structural genes that are putative regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, 56 MYB genes, 36 bHLH genes, and one WD40 gene were identified among the obtained DEGs. According to the phylogeny of the amino acid sequences of transcription factors known to be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, one MYB gene (MYB114-like) and two bHLH genes (bHLH33 and bHLHA-like) may relate to anthocyanin biosynthesis in rust-infected apple leaves. These data will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation upon rust infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document