scholarly journals The impact of sleep loss on sustained and transient attention: an EEG study

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8960
Author(s):  
Lucienne Shenfield ◽  
Vanessa Beanland ◽  
Ashleigh Filtness ◽  
Deborah Apthorp
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
The Impact

Sleep is one of our most important physiological functions that maintains physical and mental health. Two studies examined whether discrete areas of attention are equally affected by sleep loss. This was achieved using a repeated-measures within-subjects design, with two contrasting conditions: normal sleep and partial sleep restriction of 5-h. Study 1 compared performance on a sustained attention task (Psychomotor Vigilance task; PVT) with performance on a transient attention task (Attentional Blink; AB). PVT performance, but not performance on the AB task, was impaired after sleep restriction. Study 2 sought to determine the neural underpinnings of the phenomenon, using electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency analysis, which measured activity during the brief eyes-closed resting state before the tasks. AB performance was unaffected by sleep restriction, despite clearly observable changes in brain activity. EEG results showed a significant reduction in resting state alpha oscillations that was most prominent centrally in the right hemisphere. Changes in individual alpha and delta power were also found to be related to changes in subjective sleepiness and PVT performance. Results likely reflect different levels of impairment in specific forms of attention following sleep loss.

scholarly journals Childhood Cognition and Age-Related Change in Standing Balance Performance From Mid to Later Life: Findings From a British Birth Cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M Blodgett ◽  
Diana Kuh ◽  
Rebecca Hardy ◽  
Daniel H J Davis ◽  
Rachel Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Standing Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Cognitive processing plays a crucial role in the integration of sensory input and motor output that facilitates balance. However, whether balance ability in adulthood is influenced by cognitive pathways established in childhood is unclear, especially as no study has examined if these relationships change with age. We aimed to investigate associations between childhood cognition and age-related change in standing balance between mid and later life. Methods Data on 2,380 participants from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development were included in analyses. Repeated measures multilevel models estimated the association between childhood cognition, assessed at age 15, and log-transformed balance time, assessed at ages 53, 60–64, and 69 using the one-legged stand with eyes closed. Adjustments were made for sex, death, attrition, anthropometric measures, health conditions, health behaviors, education, other indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP), and adult verbal memory. Results In a sex-adjusted model, 1 standard deviation increase in childhood cognition was associated with a 13% (95% confidence interval: 10, 16; p < .001) increase in balance time at age 53, and this association got smaller with age (cognition × age interaction: p < .001). Adjustments for education, adult verbal memory, and SEP largely explained these associations. Conclusions Higher childhood cognition was associated with better balance performance in midlife, with diminishing associations with increasing age. The impact of adjustment for education, cognition and other indicators of SEP suggested a common pathway through which cognition is associated with balance across life. Further research is needed to understand underlying mechanisms, which may have important implications for falls risk and maintenance of physical capability.

135 One night of mild sleep restriction affects EEG and behavioural measures of vigilance

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A55-A55
Author(s):  
Aaron Gibbings ◽  
Laura Ray ◽  
Nareg Berberian ◽  
Ali Shahidi Zandi ◽  
Adrian Owen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Single Night

Abstract Introduction Much is known about the behavioural and cognitive consequences of chronic sleep loss but relatively little is known about the changes in brain activity associated with reduced vigilance after mild and acute sleep loss. Mild and acute sleep loss is generally thought to be innocuous despite research showing emotional processing, visual attention and behavioural responding are all negatively impacted by even small amounts of sleep loss. The current study investigated behavioural, cognitive, and electrophysiological consequences of mild (i.e., a couple of hours) and acute (i.e., a single night) sleep loss via simultaneous behavioural and physiological measures of vigilance. Methods Participants (N = 23; 18 females, Mage = 22 ± 3 years) came into the lab (from ~12 pm to 3 pm) for two testing days after sleeping from 1 am to 6 am (Sleep Restriction), or from 12 am to 9 am (Normally Rested). Brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) from 15 scalp derivations, while vigilance was assessed simultaneously using the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Results Vigilance was reduced in the Sleep Restricted vs. Normally Rested condition, (F(1,22)=9.02, p=0.007). This was exacerbated over the course of performing the PVT, (F(5,110)=8.12, p<0.001). Sleep Restriction also resulted in increased intensity of alpha burst activity compared to the Normally Rested condition (F(1,20)=6.19, p=0.022). Lastly, EEG spectral power differed between restriction sleep conditions across deepening stages of sleep onset, particularly for frequencies that reflect arousal e.g., delta, alpha and beta activity (F(1,20)>5.52, p<0.029). Conclusion These results suggest that even a small amount of sleep loss, occurring on only one night significantly reduces vigilance and impacts the physiology of the brain in ways that reflect reduced arousal. Understanding the neural correlates and cognitive processes associated with sleep loss may lead to important advancements in identifying and preventing potentially deleterious or dangerous, sleep-related lapses in vigilance (e.g., in the classroom, workplace), and when lapses in vigilance can be life-threatening (e.g., while driving). Support (if any):

scholarly journals Functional and resting-state characterizations of a periventricular heterotopic nodule associated with epileptogenic activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. E10
Author(s):  
Richard L. Nolan ◽  
Nicholas Brandmeir ◽  
Eric S. Tucker ◽  
John L. Magruder ◽  
Mark R. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Fiber Tractography ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Nodular Heterotopia ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri ◽  
The Impact

The object of this study was to extensively characterize a region of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) in an epilepsy patient to reveal its possible neurocognitive functional role(s). The authors used 3-T MRI approaches to exhaustively characterize a single, right hemisphere heterotopion in a high-functioning adult male with medically responsive epilepsy, which had manifested during late adolescence. The heterotopion proved to be spectroscopically consistent with a cortical-like composition and was interconnected with nearby ipsilateral cortical fundi, as revealed by fiber tractography (diffusion-weighted imaging) and resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsfMRI). Moreover, the region of PVNH demonstrated two novel characterizations for a heterotopion. First, functional MRI (fMRI), as distinct from rsfMRI, showed that the heterotopion was significantly modulated while the patient watched animated video scenes of biological motion (i.e., cartoons). Second, rsfMRI, which demonstrated correlated brain activity during a task-negative state, uniquely showed directionality within an interconnected network, receiving positive path effects from patent cortical and cerebellar foci while outputting only negative path effects to specific brain foci.These findings are addressed in the context of the impact on noninvasive presurgical brain mapping strategies for adult and pediatric patient workups, as well as the impact of this study on an understanding of the functional cortical architecture underlying cognition from a neurodiversity and evolutionary perspective.

scholarly journals 0312 Performance on a Cognitive Interference Task in Children After One-Night of Sleep Restriction

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A117-A118
Author(s):  
G de Queiroz Campos ◽  
D P Dickstein ◽  
M A Carskadon ◽  
J M Saletin
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Interference ◽  
Interference Task ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Fmri Session

Abstract Introduction Short sleep contributes to attention failure in conditions such as ADHD. Whether sleep loss affects attentional processes as a task varies in cognitive interference is unclear. We used a multi-source interference task (MSIT) in a sleep restriction paradigm in children with a range of ADHD symptoms to examine how short sleep disrupts attention in these youth. Methods Thirteen children (7F, 11.7±1.28 years) with a range of ADHD symptom severity completed a repeated-measures experiment on two consecutive nights in the laboratory: baseline (BSLN; 9.5h time-in-bed) and sleep restriction (SR; 4h time-in-bed). Each morning they took part in an fMRI session including the MSIT, in which participants respond to a series of 3-digit numbers by indicating which digit is different on no-interference (e.g., 003; correct=3) or interference (e.g., 311, correct=3) trials. Performance measures were inverse reaction time (1/RT) and accuracy. A two-way within-subject ANOVA assessed performance across interference and sleep conditions respectively. Results 1/RT showed main-effects of sleep loss (BSLN vs. SR; F(1,148)=4.01;p<0.05;η 2=0.026) and trial type (no-interference vs. interference; F(1,148)=24.7;p<0.001;η 2=0.143). Responses were slower for interference (BSLN RT: 799.3ms, SR RT: 895.8ms) than no-interference (BSLN RT: 653.2ms, SR RT: 697.4ms) trials. No interaction between interference and sleep loss was found (F(1,148)=0.11;p>0.05;η 2=0.001). Likewise, accuracy was lower (F(1,148) = 31.1, p<.001;η 2=0.174) in interference trials (73.5%) than in no-interference trials (92.2%), however with no effect of sleep loss, nor an interaction of interference and sleep loss (all p’s > .05). Conclusion These data provide evidence that partial sleep loss disrupts attention processes in children, yet these differences do not appear to depend on cognitive interference in our sample. Future analyses will examine whether ADHD symptoms distinguish individual differences, as well as analyze fMRI data to probe neural processes underlying attention control. Support K01MH09854 (to JMS); Brown University UTRA (to GDQC).

scholarly journals 0939 Anxiety Symptoms Moderate the Effects of Sleep Loss on Children’s Emotions

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A357-A357
Author(s):  
C A Alfano ◽  
J Bower ◽  
A Harvey ◽  
D Beidel ◽  
C Sharp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inadequate Sleep

Abstract Introduction An abundance of cross-sectional research links inadequate sleep with poor emotional health, but experimental studies in children are rare. Further, the impact of sleep loss is not uniform across individuals, and pre-existing anxiety might potentiate the effects of poor sleep on children’s emotional functioning. Methods N=53 children (mean age 9.0 years; 56% female) completed multi-modal, emotional assessments in the lab when rested and after two nights of sleep restriction (7h and 6h in bed, respectively). Sleep was monitored with polysomnography and actigraphy. Subjective reports of affect and arousal, psychophysiological reactivity, and objective emotional expression were examined during two emotional processing tasks, including one where children were asked to suppress their emotional responses. Results After sleep restriction, deleterious alterations were observed in children’s affect and their emotional reactivity, expression, and regulation. These effects were primarily limited to positive emotional stimuli. The presence of anxiety symptoms moderated most of the alterations in emotional processing observed after sleep restriction. Conclusion Results suggest inadequate sleep preferentially impacts positive compared to negative emotion in pre-pubertal children and that pre-existing anxiety symptoms amplify these effects. Implications for children’s everyday socio-emotional lives and long-term affective risk are highlighted. Support NIMH grant #R21MH099351

scholarly journals Positive Effects of Workplace Meditation Training and Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Leila Karimi ◽  
Stephen P Kent ◽  
Sandra G. Leggat ◽  
Jiri Rada ◽  
Alison Angleton
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

There is evidence that meditation is a powerful organisational tool for enhancing employee effectiveness, wellbeing, and job satisfaction; however, experimental studies on the effects of meditation on other organisational factors such as presenteeism and emotional intelligence are limited. This study investigated the impact of meditation on mindfulness, emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and job stress-related presenteeism in an Australian workplace. Participants learned and practised an 'Auto Transcending Meditation Technique’ (ATMT) at their workplace. The study used the switching replications experimental design, comparing an intervention group with a control group. Quantitative data analysis used descriptive statistics and repeated measures to compare the mean pre-post intervention differences. Thematic analysis was completed on qualitative data gathered in focus groups and from the training evaluation. As a consequence of ATMT, participants showed significant improvements in their levels of mindfulness and emotional intelligence. Thematic analysis indicated that participants felt the meditation training and practice led to positive personal changes. In addition, the results showed that higher mindfulness buffers the effect of stress-related presenteeism on participants’ mental and physical health. Our results demonstrate that meditation training and practice enhances mindfulness and emotional intelligence, with benefits for employees’ physical and mental health.  Workplace meditation should be considered in health promoting work settings.  

scholarly journals Bone Turnover Markers After Sleep Restriction and Circadian Disruption: A Mechanism for Sleep-Related Bone Loss in Humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 3722-3730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M Swanson ◽  
Steven A Shea ◽  
Pamela Wolfe ◽  
Sean W Cain ◽  
Mirjam Munch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Circadian Disruption ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bone Biomarkers ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context Sleep abnormalities are associated with low bone mineral density. Underlying mechanisms are unknown. Objective Investigate the impact of sleep restriction with circadian disruption on bone biomarkers. Design Intervention study. Participants and Methods Four bone biomarkers [C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) = bone resorption, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) = bone formation, sclerostin and fibroblast growth factor 23 = osteocyte function] were measured in bihourly serum samples over 24 hours at baseline and after ∼3 weeks of sleep restriction (5.6 hours sleep/24 hours) with concurrent circadian disruption (recurring 28-hour “day” in dim light) in 10 men (age groups: 20 to 27 years, n = 6; 55 to 65 years, n = 4). The effects of sleep/circadian disruption and age on bone biomarker levels were evaluated using maximum likelihood estimation in a mixed model for repeated measures. Results P1NP levels were lower after intervention compared with baseline (P < 0.001); the decrease in P1NP was greater for younger compared with older men (28.0% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001). There was no change in CTX (Δ = 0.03 ± 0.02 ng/mL, P = 0.10). Sclerostin levels were higher postintervention in the younger men only (Δ = 22.9% or 5.64 ± 1.10 pmol/L, P < 0.001). Conclusions These data suggest that 3 weeks of circadian disruption with concurrent sleep restriction can lead to an uncoupling of bone turnover wherein bone formation is decreased but bone resorption is unchanged. Circadian disruption and sleep restriction may be most detrimental to bone in early adulthood.

scholarly journals Observing changes in human functioning during induced sleep deficiency and recovery periods

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremi K. Ochab ◽  
Jerzy Szwed ◽  
Katarzyna Oleś ◽  
Anna Bereś ◽  
Dante R. Chialvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe duration of sleep, wakefulness and dynamic changes in human performance are determined by neural and genetic mechanisms. Sleep deprivation and chronic restriction of sleep cause perturbations of circadian rhythmicity and degradation of waking alertness as reflected in attention, cognitive efficiency and memory. In this work we report on multiple neurobehavioral correlates of sleep loss in healthy adults in an unprecedented study comprising 21 consecutive days divided into periods of 4 days of regular life (a baseline), 10 days of chronic partial sleep restriction and 7 days of recovery. Throughout the whole experiment we continuously measured the spontaneous locomotor activity by means of actigraphy with 1-minute resolution in two acquisition modes (frequency and intensity of movement). Moreover, on daily basis the subjects were undergoing EEG measurements (64-electrodes with 500 Hz sampling frequency): resting state with eyes open and closed (RS; 8 minutes long each) followed by Stroop task (ST; 22 minutes). Altogether we analyzed actigraphy (distributions of rest and activity durations), behavioral measures (accuracy and reaction times from Stroop task) and EEG (amplitudes, latencies and scalp maps of event-related potentials from Stroop task and power spectra from resting states). The actigraphy measures clearly indicate rapid changes after sleep restriction onset, confirming our former investigations — the novel insight is a slow and incomplete relaxation to the original locomotor behavior. The pattern of partial recovery appears also in accuracy (in ST) and power of delta rhythm (in RS). The impact of sleep loss is also evident in reaction times (in ST), yet followed by complete recovery, and finally in ERP amplitudes and latencies, which however did not return to the baseline at all. The results indicate that short periods (a few days) of recovery sleep subsequent to prolonged periods of sleep restriction are overall insufficient to recover fully.

scholarly journals Hemispheric differences in altered reactivity of brain oscillations at rest after posterior lesions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gallina ◽  
Mattia Pietrelli ◽  
Marco Zanon ◽  
Caterina Bertini
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Right ◽  
Theta Range

AbstractA variety of evidence supports the dominance of the right hemisphere in perceptual and visuo-spatial processing. Although growing evidence shows a strong link between alpha oscillations and the functionality of the visual system, asymmetries in alpha oscillatory patterns still need to be investigated. Converging findings indicate that the typical alpha desynchronization occurring in the transition from the eyes-closed to the eyes-open resting state might represent an index of reactivity of the visual system. Thus, investigating hemispheric asymmetries in EEG reactivity at the opening of the eyes in brain-lesioned patients may shed light on the contribution of specific cortical sites and each hemisphere in regulating the oscillatory patterns reflecting the functionality of the visual system. To this aim, EEG signal was recorded during eyes-closed and eyes-open resting state in hemianopic patients with posterior left or right lesions, patients without hemianopia with anterior lesions and healthy controls. Hemianopics with both left and right posterior lesions showed a reduced alpha reactivity at the opening of the eyes, suggesting that posterior cortices have a pivotal role in the functionality of alpha oscillations. However, right-lesioned hemianopics showed a greater dysfunction, demonstrated by a reactivity reduction more distributed over the scalp, compared to left-lesioned hemianopics. Moreover, they also revealed impaired reactivity in the theta range. This favors the hypothesis of a specialized role of the right hemisphere in orchestrating oscillatory patterns, both coordinating widespread alpha oscillatory activity and organizing focal processing in the theta range, to support visual processing at the opening of the eyes.

122 Different Duration Psychomotor Vigilance Tests Show Robust Stable Relationships Across Sleep Loss That Deteriorate in Recovery

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A50-A50
Author(s):  
Caroline Antler ◽  
Erika Yamazaki ◽  
Courtney Casale ◽  
Tess Brieva ◽  
Namni Goel
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), a behavioral attention measure widely used to capture sleep loss deficits, is available in 10-minute (PVT10) and 3-minute (PVT3) versions. The PVT3 is a briefer and presumably comparable assessment to the more commonly used PVT10 yet the relationship between the measures from the two versions across specific time points and in recovery after sleep loss has not been investigated. Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) evaluated within-individual associations between measures on the PVT10 and PVT3 throughout a highly controlled sleep deprivation study. Methods Forty-one healthy adults (ages 21-49; mean±SD, 33.9±8.9y; 18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment consisting of 2 baseline nights (10h-12h time in bed, TIB) followed by 5 sleep restriction (SR1-5) nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (R1-R4; 12h TIB), and 36h total sleep deprivation (TSD). A neurobehavioral test battery, including the PVT10 and PVT3 was completed every 2h during wakefulness. Rmcorr compared PVT10 and PVT3 lapses (reaction time [RT] >355ms [PVT3] or >500ms [PVT10]) and response speed (1/RT) by examining correlations by day (e.g., baseline day 2) and by time point (e.g., 1000h-2000h). Rmcorr ranges were as follows: 0.1-0.3, small; 0.3-0.5, moderate; 0.5-0.7, large; 0.7-0.9, very large. Results All time point correlations (1000h-2000h) were significant (moderate to large for lapses; large to very large for 1/RT). Lapses demonstrated large correlations during R1, moderate correlations during SR1-SR5 and TSD, and small correlations during R2 and R4, and showed no significant correlations during baseline or R3. 1/RT correlations were large for SR1-SR4 and TSD, moderate for SR5 and R1-R4, and small for baseline. Conclusion The various PVT relationships were consistently strong at specific times of day throughout the study. In addition, higher correlations observed for 1/RT relative to lapses and during SR and TSD relative to baseline and recovery suggest that the PVT10 and PVT3 are most similar and best follow performance when most individuals are experiencing behavioral attention deficits during sleep loss. Both measures track SR and TSD performance well, with 1/RT presenting as more comparable between the PVT10 and PVT3. Support (if any) ONR Award N00014-11-1-0361; NIH UL1TR000003; NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243; NIHR01DK117488

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